Instructor Resources

This section has two parts, a complete list of all figures, with links, and a complete list of all references.

Figures, Videos, and Equations

Links on the left open a figure, video, or equation in a window in your browser. Links on the right let you download figures and videos for use in presentations. To download a file (.png, .jpg, or .mp4), right-click or control-click the link. You may use these figures and videos in your own presentations but are not permitted to distribute them to others or place them on the internet. Downloaded videos do not have voice narration or subtitles.

1. Membrane Properties
Figure 1.1, Model Membrane	fig.1.1-Model_Membrane.png
Figure 1.2, Real and Model Membranes	fig.1.2-Real+Model_Membranes.png
Figure 1.3, Intracellular Recording	fig.1.3-Intracellular_Recording.png
Figure 1.4, Extracellular Recording	fig.1.4-Extracellular_Recording.png
Figure 1.5, RC Explanation	fig.1.5-RC_Explanation.png
Figure 1.6, Resistor-Capacitor Circuit	fig.1.6-Resistor-Capacitor_Circuit.png
Figure 1.7, Electric Fish Recording	fig.1.7-Electric_Fish_Recording.png
Video 1.1, Current Flow	vid.1.1-Current_Flow.mp4
Figure 1.1i, Model Membrane Circuit	fig.1.1i-Model_Membrane_Circuit.png
Figure 1.2i, Intracellular Results	fig.1.2i-Intracellular_Results.png
Figure 1.3i, Extracellular Results	fig.1.3i-Extracellular_Results.png
Figure 1.4i, RC Circuit Results	fig.1.4i-RC_Circuit_Results.png
Figure 1.5i, Time Constant Summation	fig.1.5i-Time_Constant_Summation.png
Figure 1.6i, Pulse Fish EOD	fig.1.6i-Pulse_Fish_EOD.png
Video 1.1i, Extracellular Current Flow	vid.1.1i-Extracellular_Current_Flow.mp4
Video 1.2i, Intracellular Current Flow	vid.1.2i-Intracellular_Current_Flow.mp4
2. Motor Nerve Recording
Figure 2.1, Nerve Recording Setup	fig.2.1-Nerve_Recording_Setup.png
Video 2.1, Nerve Dissection and Recording	vid.2.1-Nerve_Dissection+Recording.mp4
Video 2.2, Exposing Nerve 3	vid.2.2-Exposing_Nerve3.mp4
Video 2.3, Nerve 3 Recording	vid.2.3-Nerve3_Recording.mp4
Figure 2.1i, Baseline Activity	fig.2.1i-Baseline_Activity.png
Figure 2.2i, Telson Stimulation	fig.2.2i-Telson_Stimulation.png
Figure 2.3i, Swimmeret Stimulation	fig.2.3i-Swimmeret_Stimulation.png
Figure 2.4i, Activity Histograms	fig.2.4i-Activity_Histograms.png
Figure 2.5i, Nerve 3 Section	fig.2.5i-Nerve3_Section.jpg
3. Motor Nerve Anatomy
Figure 3.1, Filling Chamber	fig.3.1-Filling_Chamber.png
Figure 3.2, Processing Flowchart	fig.3.2-Processing_Flowchart.png
Video 3.1, Entire Backfill Procedure	vid.3.1-Entire_Backfill.mp4
Video 3.2, Exposing Abdominal Ganglia	vid.3.2-Exposing_Abdominal_Ganglia.mp4
Video 3.3, Removing Abdominal Ganglia	vid.3.3-Removing_Abdominal_Ganglia.mp4
Video 3.4, Building Filling Chamber	vid.3.4-Building_Filling_Chamber.mp4
Video 3.5, Preparing Ganglia to Fill	vid.3.5-Preparing_Ganglia_to_Fill.mp4
Figure 3.1i, Filled Motor Neurons	fig.3.1i-Filled_Motor_Neurons-Dorsal.png fig.3.1i-Filled_Motor_Neurons-Ventral.png
4. Muscle Resting Potential
Figure 4.1, Muscle Recording Setup	fig.4.1-Muscle_Recording_Setup.png
Table 4.1, Crayfish Ion Concentrations	table.4.1-Crayfish_Ion_Concentrations.png
Video 4.1, Muscle Dissection and Recording	vid.4.1-Muscle_Dissection+Recording.mp4
Video 4.2, Exposing Superficial Flexor	vid.4.2-Exposing_Superficial_Flexor.mp4
Video 4.3, Muscle Recording	vid.4.3-Muscle_Recording.mp4
Figure 4.1i, Damaged Muscle Fibers	fig.4.1i-Damaged_Muscle_Fibers.jpg
Figure 4.2i, Resting Potential Results	fig.4.2i-Resting_Potential_Results.png
5. Synaptic Connectivity
Figure 5.1, PSP Recording Setup	fig.5.1-PSP_Recording_Setup.png
Video 5.1, Nerve-Muscle Dissection and Recording	vid.5.1-Nerve+Muscle_Dissection+Recording.mp4
Video 5.2, Nerve-Muscle Recording	vid.5.2-Nerve+Muscle_Recording.mp4
Video 5.3, PSP Matching	vid.5.3-PSP_Matching.mp4
Figure 5.1i, Matching APs and PSPs	fig.5.1i-Matching_APs+PSPs.png
Figure 5.2i, Innervation Patterns	fig.5.2i-Innervation_Patterns.png
Figure 5.3i, Summation	fig.5.3i_Summation.png
Figure 5.4i, Inhibition	fig.5.4i_Inhibition.png
6. Synaptic Plasticity
Figure 6.1, Recording and Stimulation Setup	fig.6.1-Recording+Stimulation_Setup.png
Video 6.1, Dissection, Recording, and Stimulation	vid.6.1-Dissection+Recording+Stimulation.mp4
Video 6.2, Cutting Nerve 3	vid.6.2-Cutting_Nerve3.mp4
Video 6.3, Stimulating Nerve 3	vid.6.3-Stimulating_Nerve3.mp4
Video 6.4, Eliciting Facilitation	vid.6.4-Eliciting_Facilitation.mp4
Figure 6.1i, Facilitation Results	fig.6.1i-Facilitation_Results.png
Figure 6.2i, Posttetanic Potentiation	fig.6.2i-Posttetanic_Potentiation.png
Figure 6.3i, Synaptic Depression	fig.6.3i-Synaptic_Depression.png
Figure 6.4i, PTP Results	fig.6.4i-PTP_Results.png
7. Stretch Receptor
Figure 7.1, Stimulating MROs	fig.7.1-Stimulating_MROs.png
Figure 7.2, Dissection Outline	fig.7.2-Dissection_Outline.png
Figure 7.3, Stimulus Setup	fig.7.3-Stimulus_Setup.png
Figure 7.4, MRO Recording Setup	fig.7.4-MRO_Recording_Setup.png
Video 7.1, MRO Dissection and Recording	vid.7.1-MRO_Dissection+Recording.mp4
Video 7.2, Anesthetizing the Crayfish	vid.7.2-Anesthetizing_Crayfish.mp4
Video 7.3, Attaching a Thread	vid.7.3-Attaching_Thread.mp4
Video 7.4, MRO Dissection	vid.7.4-MRO_Dissection.mp4
Video 7.5, Alternate MRO Dissection	vid.7.5-Alternate_MRO_Dissection.mp4
Video 7.6, Finding MRO Nerves	vid.7.6-FInding_MRO_Nerves.mp4
Video 7.7, Recording and Stretching	vid.7.7-Recording+Stretching.mp4
Video 7.8, Activating MRO₂	vid.7.8-Activating_MRO2.mp4
Figure 7.1i, Stimulus-Response Curve	fig.7.1i-Stimulus-Response_Curve.png
Figure 7.2i, Spike Rates	fig.7.2i-Spike_Rates.png
Figure 7.3i, Adaptation Curves	fig.7.3i-Adaptation_Curves.png
8. Snail Brain—Excitability
Figure 8.1, Snail Brain Diagram	fig.8.1-Snail_Brain_Diagram.png
Figure 8.2, Initial Snail Dissection	fig.8.2_Initial_Snail_Dissection.png
Figure 8.3, Brain Dissection Steps	fig.8.3a-Brain_Dissection_Step_A.png fig.8.3b-Brain_Dissection_Step_B.png fig.8.3c-Brain_Dissection_Step_C.png
Figure 8.4, Dissected Snail Brain	fig.8.4a-Circumesophageal_Ring-Labeled.jpg fig.8.4a-Circumesophageal_Ring-Unlabeled.jpg fig.8.4b-Subesophageal_Ganglia-Labeled.jpg fig.8.4b-Subesophageal_Ganglia-Unlabeled.jpg
Figure 8.5, Snail Recording Setup	fig.8.5-Snail_Recording_Setup.png
Figure 8.6, Circumesophageal Ganglia	fig.8.6-Circumesophageal_Ganglia.png
Figure 8.7, Action Potential Measurements	fig.8.7-Action_Potential_Measurements.png
Figure 8.8, Burster Measurements	fig.8.8-Burster_Measurements.png
Figure 8.9, Postinhibitory Rebound	fig.8.9-Postinhibitory_Rebound.png
Video 8.1, Entire Snail Dissection	vid.8.1-Entire_Snail_Dissection.mp4
Video 8.2, Removing the Shell	vid.8.2-Removing_Shell.mp4
Video 8.3, Removing Ganglia	vid.8.3-Removing_Ganglia.mp4
Video 8.4, Pinning	vid.8.4-Pinning.mp4
Video 8.5, Cutting the Aorta	vid.8.5-Cutting_Aorta.mp4
Video 8.6, Desheathing	vid.8.6-Desheathing.mp4
Video 8.7, Snail Brain Recording	vid.8.7-Snail_Brain_Recording.mp4
Video 8.8, Na⁺ Potentials	vid.8.8-Na_Potentials.mp4
Video 8.9, Ca²⁺ Potentials	vid.8.9-Ca_Potentials.mp4
Video 8.10, Bursting	vid.8.10-Bursting.mp4
Video 8.11, Stimulation	vid.8.11-Stimulation.mp4
Video 8.12, Synaptic Input	vid.8.12-Synaptic_Input.mp4
Figure 8.1i, Silent Cell Stimulation	fig.8.1i-Silent_Cell_Stimulation.png
Figure 8.2i, Broadening and Accommodation	fig.8.2i-Broadening+Accommodation.png
Figure 8.3i, Amplitude Decrease	fig.8.3i-Amplitude_Decrease.png
Figure 8.4i, Tonic Firing	fig.8.4i-Tonic_Firing.png
Figure 8.5i, Hyperpolarization	fig.8.5i-Hyperpolarization.png
Figure 8.6i, Burster Stimulation	fig.8.6i-Burster_Stimulation.png
9. Snail Brain—Ionic Basis
Figure 9.1i, Reduced Calcium	fig.9.1i-Reduced_Calcium.png
Figure 9.2i, Effect of Barium	fig.9.2i-Effect_of_Barium.png
Figure 9.3i, Effect of TEA and Cs⁺	fig.9.3i-Effect_of_TEA+Cs.png
10. Plant Action Potential
Figure 10.1, Chara Cells	fig.10.1-Chara_Cells.png
Figure 10.2, Chara Cell Diagram	fig.10.2-Chara_Cell_Diagram.png
Figure 10.3, Chara Recording Chamber	fig.10.3-Chara_Recording_Chamber.png
Figure 10.4, Chara Recording Setup	fig.10.4-Chara_Recording_Setup.png
Table 10.1, Chara Ion Concentrations	table.10.1-Chara_Ion_Concentrations.png
Video 10.1, Chara Preparation	vid.10.1-Chara_Preparation.mp4
Video 10.2, Chara Recording	vid.10.2-Chara_Recording.mp4
Figure 10.1i, Chara Chamber Design	fig.10.1i-Chara_Chamber_Design.png
Figure 10.2i, Repeated Stimulation	fig.10.2i-Repeated_Stimulation.png
A. Crayfish Neuromuscular Preparation
Figure A.1, Abdominal Musculature	fig.A.1-Abdomial_Musculature.png
Figure A.2, Abdominal Segment	fig.A.2.a-Segment-Undissected-Labeled.jpg fig.A.2.a-Segment-Undissected-Unlabeled.jpg fig.A.2.b-Segment-Dissected-Labeled.jpg fig.A.2.b-Segment-Dissected-Unlabeled.jpg fig.A.2.c-Segment-Janus_Green-Labeled.jpg fig.A.2.c-Segment-Janus_Green-Unlabeled.jpg fig.A.2.d-Segment-Methylene_Blue-Labeled.jpg fig.A.2.d-Segment-Methylene_Blue-Unlabeled.jpg
Figure A.3, Comparison with Skeletal Muscle	fig.A.3-Comparison_with_Skeletal_Muscle.png
Figure A.4, Comparison with Brain Synapses	fig.A.4-Comparison_Brain_Synapses.png
Video A.1, Preparing Crayfish Abdomen	vid.A.1-Preparing_Crayfish_Abdomen.mp4
Video A.2, Removing Swimmerets	vid.A.2-Removing_Swimmerets.mp4
B. Dissection Tips
Figure B.1, Dissection Posture	fig.B.1_Dissection_Posture.png
Figure B.2, Cutting Tools	fig.B.2-Cutting_Tools.jpg
Figure B.3, Grasping Tools	fig.B.3-Grasping_Tools.png
C. Recording Tips
Figure C.1, Noise Reduction	fig.C.1-Noise_Reduction.png
Figure C.2, Filter Distortion	fig.C.2-FIlter_Distortion.png
Figure C.3, Sampling Rates	fig.C.3-Sampling_Rates.png
Figure C.4, Stimulator Settings	fig.C.4-Stimulator_Settings.png
Figure C.5, Microelectrodes	fig.C.5-Microelectrodes.jpg
Video C.1, Filter Effects	vid.C.1-Filter_Effects.mp4
Video C.2, Electrode Filling	vid.C.2-Electrode_Filling.mp4
Video C.1i, Electrode Inking	vid.C.1i-Electrode_Inking.mp4
E. Analysis Tools
Equation 1, Ohm’s Law	eq.1-Ohms_Law.png
Equation 2, Time Constant	eq.2-Time_Constant.png
Equation 3, Space Constant	eq.3-Space_Constant.png
Equation 4, Passive Spread	eq.4-Passive_Spread.png
Equation 5, Input Resistance	eq.5-Input_Resistance.png
Equation 6, Nernst Potential	eq.6-Nernst_Potential.png
Saline Calculator
Peak Finder
Exponential Fit

References

This section lists all of the references used in Crawdad, with links to journal articles. Download the list as a RIS or BibTeX text file, which can be imported into most reference managers, or as an Endnote X library (right click the link to download). Your reference management software should be able to find pdf versions of most of the journal articles.

Books and Book Chapters

Aidley DJ (1998). The Physiology of Excitable Cells (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
Atwood HL (1982). Synapses and neurotransmitters. In: Atwood HL, Sandeman DC (eds.), The Biology of Crustacea, Vol 3, Neurobiology: Structure and Function (Academic Press, New York), ch. 3.
Benson JA, Adams WB (1989). Ionic mechanisms of endogenous activity in molluscan burster neurons. In: Jacklet JW (ed.) Neuronal and cellular oscillators (Marcel Dekker, New York), pp. 87-120.
Brown RH, Cannon SC, Rowland LP (2013). Diseases of the nerve and motor unit. In: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, Siegelbaum SA, Hudspeth AJ (eds.), Principles of Neural Science (McGraw Hill, Newark), ch. 14.
Byrne JH (2009). Postsynaptic potentials and synaptic integration. In: Byrne JH, Roberts JL (eds.), From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (Academic Press, San Diego), ch. 16.
Byrne JH, LaBar KS, LeDoux JE, Lindquist DH, Thompson RH, Teyler TJ (2009). Learning and memory: Basic mechanisms. In: Byrne JH, Roberts JL (eds.), From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (Academic Press, San Diego), pp. 539-608.
Byrne JH, Shepherd GM (2009). Electrotonic properties of axons and dendrites. In: Byrne JH, Roberts JL (eds.), From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (Academic Press, San Diego), ch. 4.
Delcomyn F (1998). Foundations of Neurobiology (W.H. Freeman, New York), ch. 9.
Duncan G (1990). Physics in the Life Sciences (Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford), ch. 10-11.
Eckert R, Randall D, Augustine GJ (1988). Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations (W.H. Freeman, New York), ch. 7.
Fields HL (1976). Crustacean abdominal and thoracic muscle receptor organs. In: Mill PJ (ed.) Structure and Function of Proprioceptors in the Invertebrates (John Wiley and Sons, New York), pp. 65-114.
Glaizner B (1968). Pharmacological mapping of cells in the suboesophageal ganglia of Helix aspersa. In: Salánki J (ed.) Neurobiology of Invertebrates (Plenum Press, New York), pp. 267-284. [Reprinted 2012 by Springer, ISBN 1461586208]
Grass Instrument Company (1990). The Crayfish Stretch Receptor. Pamphlet accompanying live demonstration at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, St. Louis. [pdf]
Greenspan RJ (2007). An Introduction to Nervous Systems (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor NY), ch. Chapter 1.
Hill RW, Wyse GA, Anderson M (2012). Animal Physiology (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA), ch. 14.
Hille B (2001). Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA).
Hoyle G (1983). Muscles and their Neural Control (John Wiley and Sons, New York), pp. 483-525.
Johnston D, Wu SM-S (1995). Foundations of Cellular Neurophysiology (MIT Press, Cambridge MA), ch. 7.
Junge D (1981). Nerve and Muscle Excitation (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA), pp. 2-7.
Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, Siegelbaum SA, Hudspeth AJ (2013). Principles of Neural Science (McGraw Hill), ch. 21-22, 35-36.
Katz B (1966). Nerve, Muscle, and Synapse (McGraw-Hill, New York), pp. 17-19.
Koester J, Siegelbaum SA (2013). Membrane potential and the passive electrical properties of the neuron. In: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, Siegelbaum SA, Hudspeth AJ (eds.), Principles of Neural Science (McGraw Hill, Newark), ch. 6.
Kostyuk PG (1968). Ionic background of activity in giant neurons of molluscs. In: Salánki J (ed.) Neurobiology of Invertebrates (Plenum Press, New York), pp. 145-167. [Reprinted 2012 by Springer, ISBN 1461586208]
Levy J (2011). Poison: An Illustrated History (Globe Pequot Press, Guilford CT).
Loeb GE, Gans C (1986). Electromyography for Experimentalists (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).
Malenka RC, Siegelbaum SA (2001). Synaptic plasticity: Diverse targets for regulating synaptic efficacy. In: Cowan WM, Südhof TC, Stevens CF (eds.), Synapses (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore), ch. 9.
McCormick DA (2009). Membrane potential and action potential. In: Byrne JH, Roberts JL (eds.), From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (Academic Press, San Diego), ch. 5.
Meech RW, Mackie GO (2007). Evolution of excitability in lower metazoans. In: North G, Greenspan RJ (eds.), Invertebrate Neurobiology (Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Springs Harbor NY), ch. 22.
Mercer AL (1999). Changing the way we perceive things: Sensory systems modulation. In: Katz PS (ed.) Beyond Neurotransmission: Neuromodulation and Its Importance for Information Processing (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford), ch. 6.
Miles FA (1969). Excitable Cells (Heinemann Medical Books, Ltd., London), ch. 4.
Moller P (1995). Basic elements of electrocommunication systems. In: Moller P (ed.) Electric Fishes: History and Behavior (Chapman and Hall, London), ch. 8.
Moore JW, Stuart AE (2007). Neurons in Action: Tutorials and Simulations Using NEURON (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA). [www.neuronsinaction.com]
Murray RW (1983). Test Your Understanding of Neurophysiology (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), pp. 51-58.
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Fuchs PA, Brown PA, Diamond ME, Weisblat DA (2012). From Neuron to Brain (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA), ch. 16.
Ogden D (1994). Microelectrode Techniques. The Plymouth Workshop Handbook (Company of Biologists, Cambridge), ch. 1, 16.
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, LaMantia A-S, McNamara JO, White LE (2012). Neuroscience (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA).
Purves RD (1981). Microelectrode Methods for Intracellular Recording and Ionophoresis (Academic Press, New York).
Rydqvist B (1992). Muscle mechanoreceptors in invertebrates. In: Ito F (ed.) Comparative Aspects of Mechanoreceptor Systems (Springer, Berlin), pp. 233-260. [doi]
Sacks O (1998). The man who mistook his wife for a hat: And other clinical tales (Simon and Schuster, New York), ch. 3.
Selverston AI (1985). Model neural networks and behavior (Plenum Press, New York).
Sherman-Gold R (2012). The Axon Guide: Electrophysiology and Biophysics Laboratory Techniques, 3rd Edition (Molecular Devices Corporation, Union City CA). [pdf]
Siegelbaum SA, Koester J (2013). Review of basic circuit theory. In: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, Siegelbaum SA, Hudspeth AJ (eds.), Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition (McGraw Hill, Newark), pp. 1525-1532.
Silverthorn DU (2013). Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (Pearson, Boston).
Stein PSG, Grillner S, Selverston AI, Stuart DG (1997). Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior (MIT Press, Cambridge MA). [Reprinted 2013 by Springer US, ISBN 9781475758603]
Stewart A (2009). Wicked Plants: The Weed that Killed Lincoln’s Mother and Other Botanical Atrocities (Algonquin Books, Chapel Hill NC).
Welsh JH, Smith RI, Kammer AE (1968). Laboratory Exercises in Invertebrate Physiology (Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis), pp. 85-87.
Zucker RS, Kullmann DM, Schwartz TL (2009). Release of neurotransmitters. In: Byrne JH, Roberts JL (eds.), From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (Academic Press, San Diego), pp. 255-258.

Journal Articles

Abbott LF, Regehr WG (2004). Synaptic computation. Nature 431:796-803. [doi]
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Adams ME, Olivera BM (1994). Neurotoxins: Overview of an emerging research technology. Trends Neurosci 17:151-155. [doi]
Adams ME, Swanson GJ (1996). Neurotoxins. Trends Neurosci 19 Supplement:S1-S36.
Ashcroft FM (2006). From molecule to malady. Nature 440:440-447. [doi]
Atwood HL (1976). Organization and synaptic physiology of crustacean neuromuscular systems. Prog Neurobiol 7:291-391. [doi]
Atwood HL (2008). Parallel ‘phasic’ and ‘tonic’ motor systems of the crayfish abdomen. J Exp Biol 211:2193-2195. [doi]
Bailey CH, Chen M (1991). Morphological aspects of synaptic plasticity in Aplysia an anatomical substrate for long-term memory. Ann NY Acad Sci 627:181-196. [doi]
Baker PF, Hodgkin AL, Shaw TI (1962). The effects of changes in internal ionic concentrations on the electrical properties of perfused giant axons. J Physiol 164:355-374. [pdf]
Bao J-X, Kandel ER, Hawkins RD (1997). Involvement of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms in posttetanic potentiation at Aplysia synapses. Science 275:969-973. [doi]
Barthe J-Y, Bevengut M, Clarac F (1993). In vitro protolin and serotonin induced modulations of the abdominal motor system activities in crayfish. Brain Res 623:101-109. [doi]
Baxter DA, Bittner GD, Brown TH (1985). Quantal mechanism of long-term synaptic potentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82:5978-5982. [pdf]
Bean BP (2007). The action potential in mammalian central neurons. Nature Rev Neurosci 8:451-465. [doi]
Beilby MJ (2007). Action potential in charophytes. Int Rev Cytol 257:43-82. [doi]
Benjamin PR (2008). Lymnaea. Scholarpedia 3:4124. [doi]
Bishop CA, Krouse ME, Wine JJ (1991). Peptide cotransmitter potentiates calcium channel activity in crayfish skeletal muscle. J Neurosci 11:269-276. [pdf]
Bishop CA, Wine JJ, Nagy F, O’Shea MR (1987). Physiological consequences of a peptide cotransmitter in a crayfish nerve-muscle preparation. J Neurosci 7:1769-1779. [pdf]
Bittner GD (1989). Synaptic plasticity at the crayfish opener neuromuscular preparation. J Neurobiol 20:386-408. [doi]
Bokisch AJ, Walker RJ (1986). The ionic mechanism associated with the action of putative transmitters on identified neurons of the snail, Helix aspersa. Comp Biochem Physiol C 84:231-241. [doi]
Breen CA, Atwood HL (1983). Octopamine—a neurohormone with presynaptic activity-dependent effects at crayfish neuromuscular junctions. Nature 303:716-718. [doi]
Brickley SG, Mody I (2012). Extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors: Their function in the CNS and implications for disease. Neuron 73:23-34. [doi]
Carrasquillo Y, Nerbonne JM (2014). I_A channels: Diverse regulatory mechanisms. Neuroscientist 20:104-111. [doi]
Cattaert D, Le Ray D (2001). Adaptive motor control in crayfish. Prog Neurobiol 63:199-240. [pdf]
Catterall WA, Dib-Hajj S, Meisler MH, Pietrobon D (2008). Inherited neuronal ion channelopathies: New windows on complex neurological diseases. J Neurosci 28:11768-11777. [doi]
Clarac F, Pearlstein E (2007). Invertebrate preparations and their contribution to neurobiology in the second half of the 20th century. Brain Res Rev 54:113-161. [pdf]
Clement JF, Taylor AK, Velez SJ (1983). Effect of a limited target area on regeneration of specific neuromuscular connections in the crayfish. J Neurophysiol 49:216-226. [pdf]
Dey D, Eckle VS, Vitko I, Sullivan KA, Lasiecka ZM, Winckler B, Stornetta RL, Williamson JM, Kapur J, Perez-Reyes E (2014). A potassium leak channel silences hyperactive neurons and ameliorates status epilepticus. Epilepsia 55:203-213. [doi]
Dib-Hajj SD, Cummins TR, Black JA, Waxman SG (2010). Sodium channels in normal and pathological pain. Annu Rev Neurosci 33:325-347. [doi]
DiFrancesco D (2010). The role of the funny current in pacemaker activity. Circ Res 106:434-446. [doi]
Dittman JS, Kreitzer AC, Regehr WG (2000). Interplay between facilitation, depression, and residual calcium at three presynaptic terminals. J Neurosci 20:1374-1385. [pdf]
Djokaj S, Cooper RL, Rathmayer W (2001). Presynaptic effects of octopamine, serotonin, and cocktails of the two modulators on neuromuscular transmission in crustaceans. J Comp Physiol A 187:145-154. [doi]
Drummond JM, Macmillan DL (1998). The abdominal motor system of the crayfish, Cherax destructor. II. Morphology and physiology of the deep extensor motor neurons. J Comp Physiol A 183:603-619. [doi]
Drummond JM, Macmillan DL (1998). The abdominal motor system of the crayfish, Cherax destructor. I. Morphology and physiology of the superficial extensor motor neurons. J Comp Physiol A 183:583-601. [doi]
Elliott CJ, Susswein AJ (2002). Comparative neuroethology of feeding control in molluscs. J Exp Biol 205:877-896. [pdf]
Emes RD, Grant SG (2012). Evolution of synapse complexity and diversity. Annu Rev Neurosci 35:111-131. [doi]
Evoy WH, Beranek R (1972). Pharmacological localization of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic regions in crayfish slow abdominal flexor muscle-fibres. Comp Gen Pharmacol 3:178-186. [doi]
Evoy WH, Kennedy D, Wilson DM (1967). Discharge patterns of neurones supplying tonic abdominal flexor muscles in the crayfish. J Exp Biol 46:393-411. [pdf]
Faulkes Z, Macmillan DL (2002). Effects of removal of muscle receptor organ input on the temporal structure of non-giant swimming cycles in the crayfish, Cherax destructor. Mar Freshw Behav Phy 35:149-155. [doi]
Fioravante D, Regehr WG (2011). Short-term forms of presynaptic plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 21:269-274. [doi]
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