TY - JOUR AB - Neurons are often considered to be the computational engines of the brain, with synapses acting solely as conveyers of information. But the diverse types of synaptic plasticity and the range of timescales over which they operate suggest that synapses have a more active role in information processing. Long-term changes in the transmission properties of synapses provide a physiological substrate for learning and memory, whereas short-term changes support a variety of computations. By expressing several forms of synaptic plasticity, a single neuron can convey an array of different signals to the neural circuit in which it operates. AD - Volen Center and Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA. abbott@brandeis.edu AN - 15483601 AU - Abbott, L. F. AU - Regehr, W. G. DA - Oct 14 DO - 10.1038/nature03010 J2 - Nature KW - Animals Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology Neurons/cytology/physiology Sound Localization/physiology Synapses/*physiology Synaptic Transmission/physiology M1 - 7010 N1 - Abbott, L F Regehr, Wade G eng Review England 2004/10/16 09:00 Nature. 2004 Oct 14;431(7010):796-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15483601 PY - 2004 SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic) 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 796-803 ST - Synaptic computation T2 - Nature TI - Synaptic computation VL - 431 ID - 124 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 6251744 AU - Adams, D. J. AU - Smith, S. J. AU - Thompson, S. H. DO - 10.1146/annurev.ne.03.030180.001041 ET - 1980/01/01 J2 - Annu Rev Neurosci KW - Animals Aplysia/physiology Calcium/metabolism Cell Membrane Permeability Egtazic Acid/pharmacology Ganglia/cytology/physiology Helix (Snails)/physiology Ion Channels/drug effects/*physiology Membrane Potentials Mollusca/*physiology Neurons/*physiology Potassium/metabolism Sodium/metabolism Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology LA - eng M3 - Comparative Study Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review N1 - Adams, D J Smith, S J Thompson, S H Annu Rev Neurosci. 1980;3:141-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6251744 http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ne.03.030180.001041 PY - 1980 SN - 0147-006X (Print) 0147-006X (Linking) SP - 141-67 ST - Ionic currents in molluscan soma T2 - Annual review of neuroscience TI - Ionic currents in molluscan soma VL - 3 ID - 1 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Neurotoxins have highly specific actions on molecular targets, and thus offer an effective means of characterizing the growing number of identified ion channels and receptors in the nervous system. This article and the Neurotoxins Supplement accompanying this issue of TINS provide a convenient reference source to facilitate the use of toxins as selective, diagnostic ligands in research. However, while many toxins exert potent actions on target receptors, it must be emphasized that their effects can be complex, and certain general pitfalls often become apparent. Some examples will be given illustrating these complexities and their impact on experimental interpretation. In addition, the potential for the purposeful creation of new 'designer' toxins using molecular cloning will also be addressed. AD - Dept of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521. AN - 7517594 AU - Adams, M. E. AU - Olivera, B. M. DA - Apr DO - 10.1016/0166-2236(94)90092-2 ET - 1994/04/01 J2 - Trends Neurosci KW - Amino Acid Sequence Animals Cloning, Molecular DNA, Recombinant Drug Design Invertebrates/metabolism Ion Channels/drug effects Mammals/metabolism Molecular Sequence Data Neurons/drug effects/metabolism Neurophysiology/*methods *Neurotoxins/chemistry/classification/isolation & purification/metabolism/pharmacology/toxicity Protein Binding Protein Engineering Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects Substrate Specificity Venoms/chemistry L1 - internal-pdf://3862120563/Adams-1994-Neurotoxins_ Overview of an emergin.pdf LA - eng M1 - 4 M3 - Review N1 - Adams, M E Olivera, B M ENGLAND Trends Neurosci. 1994 Apr;17(4):151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7517594 PY - 1994 SN - 0166-2236 (Print) 0166-2236 (Linking) SP - 151-5 ST - Neurotoxins: Overview of an emerging research technology T2 - Trends in neurosciences TI - Neurotoxins: Overview of an emerging research technology VL - 17 ID - 2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Adams, M.E. AU - Swanson, G.J. N1 - http://books.google.com/books?id=vE4mYAAACAAJ PY - 1996 SP - S1-S36 ST - Neurotoxins T2 - Trends in neurosciences TI - Neurotoxins VL - 19 Supplement ID - 4 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Aidley, D.J. CY - Cambridge ET - 4 PB - Cambridge University Press PY - 1998 SP - 46-49 ST - The Physiology of Excitable Cells TI - The Physiology of Excitable Cells UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=3JgC_rE8ZVwC ID - 187 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Aidley, D.J. CY - Cambridge ET - 4 PB - Cambridge University Press PY - 1998 SP - 46-49, 52-53 ST - The Physiology of Excitable Cells TI - The Physiology of Excitable Cells UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=3JgC_rE8ZVwC ID - 190 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Aidley, D.J. CY - Cambridge ET - 4 PB - Cambridge University Press PY - 1998 SP - 21 ST - The Physiology of Excitable Cells TI - The Physiology of Excitable Cells UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=3JgC_rE8ZVwC ID - 203 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Ion channels are membrane proteins, found in virtually all cells, that are of crucial physiological importance. In the past decade, an explosion in the number of crystal structures of ion channels has led to a marked increase in our understanding of how ion channels open and close, and select between permeant ions. There has been a parallel advance in research on channelopathies (diseases resulting from impaired channel function), and mutations in over 60 ion-channel genes are now known to cause human disease. Characterization of their functional consequences has afforded unprecedented and unexpected insights into ion-channel mechanisms and physiological roles. AD - University Laboratory of Physiology, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK. frances.ashcroft@physiol.ox.ac.uk AN - 16554803 AU - Ashcroft, F. M. DA - Mar 23 DO - 10.1038/nature04707 J2 - Nature KW - Animals Genetic Diseases, Inborn Humans Ion Channel Gating Ion Channels/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism Mutation Protein Conformation Protein Subunits/chemistry M1 - 7083 N1 - Ashcroft, Frances M eng Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review England 2006/03/24 09:00 Nature. 2006 Mar 23;440(7083):440-7. PY - 2006 SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic) 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 440-7 ST - From molecule to malady T2 - Nature TI - From molecule to malady UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16554803 VL - 440 ID - 296 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 12537 AU - Atwood, H. L. DO - 10.1016/0301-0082(76)90009-5 J2 - Progress in neurobiology KW - Action Potentials Axons/physiology Calcium/metabolism Crustacea/*physiology Humans Muscles/innervation Neural Inhibition Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure M1 - Pt 4 N1 - Atwood, H L eng ENGLAND 1976/01/01 Prog Neurobiol. 1976;7(Pt 4):291-391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12537 PY - 1976 SN - 0301-0082 (Print) 0301-0082 (Linking) SP - 291-391 ST - Organization and synaptic physiology of crustacean neuromuscular systems T2 - Progress in Neurobiology TI - Organization and synaptic physiology of crustacean neuromuscular systems VL - 7 ID - 251 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Atwood, H.L. A2 - Sandeman, D.C. AU - Atwood, H.L. CY - New York M1 - 4 N1 - pp. 105-150 PB - Academic Press PY - 1982 SE - 3 ST - Synapses and neurotransmitters T2 - The Biology of Crustacea, Vol. 3, Neurobiology: Structure and Function TI - Synapses and neurotransmitters VL - 3 ID - 211 ER - TY - JOUR AD - University of Toronto, USA. h.atwood@utoronto.ca AN - 18587112 AU - Atwood, H.L. DA - Jul DO - 10.1242/jeb.010868 J2 - The Journal of experimental biology KW - Abdominal Muscles/anatomy & histology/*innervation/physiology Animals Astacoidea/anatomy & histology/*physiology History, 20th Century Motor Activity/*physiology Motor Neurons/physiology Neuroanatomy/*history M1 - Pt 14 N1 - Atwood, Harold eng Biography Historical Article England 2008/07/01 09:00 J Exp Biol. 2008 Jul;211(Pt 14):2193-5. doi: 10.1242/jeb.010868. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18587112 PY - 2008 SN - 0022-0949 (Print) 0022-0949 (Linking) SP - 2193-5 ST - Parallel ‘phasic’ and ‘tonic’ motor systems of the crayfish abdomen T2 - J Exp Biol TI - Parallel ‘phasic’ and ‘tonic’ motor systems of the crayfish abdomen VL - 211 ID - 143 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bailey, Craig H. AU - Chen, Mary DO - 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25924.x M1 - 1 N1 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25924.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25924.x/abstract PY - 1991 SN - 1749-6632 SP - 181-196 ST - Morphological aspects of synaptic plasticity in Aplysia an anatomical substrate for long-term memory T2 - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences TI - Morphological aspects of synaptic plasticity in Aplysia an anatomical substrate for long-term memory VL - 627 ID - 9 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 13969165 AU - Baker, P. F. AU - Hodgkin, A. L. AU - Shaw, T. I. C2 - 1359309 DA - Nov ET - 1962/11/01 J2 - J Physiol KW - *Axons *Cytoplasm *Isotonic Solutions *Potassium *Sodium L1 - internal-pdf://2044897763/Baker-1962-The effects of changes in internal.pdf LA - eng N1 - BAKER, P F HODGKIN, A L SHAW, T I Not Available J Physiol. 1962 Nov;164:355-74. http://jp.physoc.org/content/164/2/355.full.pdf PY - 1962 SN - 0022-3751 (Print) 0022-3751 (Linking) SP - 355-74 ST - The effects of changes in internal ionic concentrations on the electrical properties of perfused giant axons T2 - The Journal of physiology TI - The effects of changes in internal ionic concentrations on the electrical properties of perfused giant axons UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13969165 VL - 164 ID - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Posttetanic potentiation (PTP) is a common form of short-term synaptic plasticity that is generally thought to be entirely presynaptic. Consistent with that idea, PTP of evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials at Aplysia sensory-motor neuron synapses in cell culture was reduced by presynaptic injection of a slow calcium chelator and was accompanied by an increase in the frequency but not the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials. However, PTP was also reduced by postsynaptic injection of a rapid calcium chelator or postsynaptic hyperpolarization. Thus, PTP at these synapses is likely to involve a postsynaptic induction mechanism in addition to the known presynaptic mechanisms. AU - Bao, Jian-Xin AU - Kandel, Eric R. AU - Hawkins, Robert D. DA - February 14, 1997 DO - 10.1126/science.275.5302.969 M1 - 5302 N1 - http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5302/969.abstract http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5302/969 PY - 1997 SP - 969-973 ST - Involvement of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms in posttetanic potentiation at Aplysia synapses T2 - Science TI - Involvement of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms in posttetanic potentiation at Aplysia synapses VL - 275 ID - 5 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An in vitro thoraco-abdominal preparation of the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) ventral nerve cord was used to study the sites of action and the effects of proctolin and serotonin on the nervous activities of the two abdominal motor systems, namely the swimmeret and the abdominal positioning systems. In this preparation spontaneous motor activity was recorded corresponding to continuous rhythmic bursts in the swimmeret motor nerves and tonic discharge of motoneurons in both abdominal extensor and flexor motor nerves. Proctolin applied on the abdominal ganglia elicited bursts of spikes in the flexor motor nerve which were able to disturb and even stop the swimmeret activity. Increasing concentrations of serotonin applied on the thoracic ganglia were able, first, to increase the period durations of the swimmeret bursting activity and, second, to stop it. In this last condition, continuous swimmeret activity resumed by application of proctolin on the abdominal ganglia although period durations stayed slightly longer than in control. The actions of serotonin and proctolin on the two abdominal motor systems were discussed in terms of modulations and interactions between central neuronal networks and behaviors. AU - Barthe, Jean-Yves AU - Bevengut, Michelle AU - Clarac, F. DO - 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90016-G KW - Thoraco-abdominal preparation Motor activity Swimmeret system Abdominal positioning system Serotonin Proctolin In vitro Procambarus clarkii (G.) M1 - 1 N1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000689939390016G PY - 1993 SN - 0006-8993 SP - 101-109 ST - In vitro protolin and serotonin induced modulations of the abdominal motor system activities in crayfish T2 - Brain Research TI - In vitro protolin and serotonin induced modulations of the abdominal motor system activities in crayfish VL - 623 ID - 6 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Intracellular recordings were used to demonstrate the occurrence and to analyze the microphysiology of long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) in the crayfish opener neuromuscular synapse. Brief stimulation of the single excitor motor axon enhanced the amplitudes of subsequent postsynaptic potentials for several hours. Three methods of quantal analysis were used to evaluate the mechanism responsible for LTP. The results of all three methods supported predictions of the hypothesis that LTP results from a presynaptic mechanism that increases the average of neurotransmitter quanta evoked by nerve impulses in the excitor axon. AN - 3862111 AU - Baxter, D. A. AU - Bittner, G. D. AU - Brown, T. H. C2 - 390677 DA - Sep ET - 1985/09/01 J2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A KW - Animals Astacoidea/physiology Membrane Potentials Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology Neuronal Plasticity Synapses/*physiology Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://0304089172/Baxter-1985-Quantal mechanism of long-term syn.pdf LA - eng M1 - 17 M3 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. N1 - Baxter, D A Bittner, G D Brown, T H NS18861/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ NS21561/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Sep;82(17):5978-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862111 PY - 1985 SN - 0027-8424 (Print) 0027-8424 (Linking) SP - 5978-82 ST - Quantal mechanism of long-term synaptic potentiation T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America TI - Quantal mechanism of long-term synaptic potentiation UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/82/17/5978.full.pdf VL - 82 ID - 11 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The action potential of the squid giant axon is formed by just two voltage-dependent conductances in the cell membrane, yet mammalian central neurons typically express more than a dozen different types of voltage-dependent ion channels. This rich repertoire of channels allows neurons to encode information by generating action potentials with a wide range of shapes, frequencies and patterns. Recent work offers an increasingly detailed understanding of how the expression of particular channel types underlies the remarkably diverse firing behaviour of various types of neurons. AD - Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. bruce_bean@hms.harvard.edu AN - 17514198 AU - Bean, B. P. DA - Jun DO - 10.1038/nrn2148 KW - Action Potentials/*physiology Animals Axons/physiology Calcium Channels/physiology Cell Membrane/*physiology Central Nervous System/*physiology Humans Ion Channels/*physiology Neurons/*physiology/ultrastructure Potassium Channels/physiology Sodium Channels/physiology M1 - 6 N1 - Bean, Bruce P eng NS36855/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review England 2007/05/22 09:00 Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Jun;8(6):451-65. PY - 2007 SN - 1471-003X (Print) 1471-003X (Linking) SP - 451-65 ST - The action potential in mammalian central neurons T2 - Nature Reviews Neuroscience TI - The action potential in mammalian central neurons UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17514198 VL - 8 ID - 297 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The plant action potential (AP) has been studied for more than half a century. The experimental system was provided mainly by the large charophyte cells, which allowed insertion of early large electrodes, manipulation of cell compartments, and inside and outside media. These early experiments were inspired by the Hodgkin and Huxley (HH) work on the squid axon and its voltage clamp techniques. Later, the patch clamping technique provided information about the ion transporters underlying the excitation transient. The initial models were also influenced by the HH picture of the animal AP. At the turn of the century, the paradigm of the charophyte AP shifted to include several chemical reactions, second messenger-activated channel, and calcium ion liberation from internal stores. Many aspects of this new model await further clarification. The role of the AP in plant movements, wound signaling, and turgor regulation is now well documented. Involvement in invasion by pathogens, chilling injury, light, and gravity sensing are under investigation. AD - School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. AN - 17280895 AU - Beilby, M. J. DO - 10.1016/S0074-7696(07)57002-6 J2 - International review of cytology KW - Action Potentials/*physiology Animals Characeae/*physiology Ion Channel Gating Ion Channels Models, Biological N1 - Beilby, Mary Jane eng Review 2007/02/07 09:00 Int Rev Cytol. 2007;257:43-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17280895 PY - 2007 SN - 0074-7696 (Print) 0074-7696 (Linking) SP - 43-82 ST - Action potential in charophytes T2 - Int Rev Cytol TI - Action potential in charophytes VL - 257 ID - 131 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Jacklet, J.W. AU - Benson, J.A. AU - Adams, W.B. CY - New York PB - Marcel Dekker PY - 1989 SN - 9780824780302 SP - 87-120 ST - Ionic mechanisms of endogenous activity in molluscan burster neurons T2 - Neuronal and cellular oscillators TI - Ionic mechanisms of endogenous activity in molluscan burster neurons UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=nKjwAAAAMAAJ ID - 266 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The activity of 2 types of Ca2+ channels (38 and 14 pS in 137 mM Ba2+) in the plasma membrane of the crayfish tonic flexor muscle is modulated by the peptide proctolin. This peptide serves as a cotransmitter in 3 of the 5 excitatory tonic flexor motoneurons and greatly enhances tension after depolarization by the conventional neurotransmitter. Proctolin alone has no effect on these channels, but renders them capable of sustained activity following depolarization. After depolarization induces activity, 5 x 10(-9) M proctolin increases the open probability of the larger channel up to 50-fold due to a marked decrease in the mean channel closed time. There is also at least a 4-fold increase in the percentage of patches with active channels for the large channel and a 2-fold increase for the small channel. Proctolin modulation appears to occur via an intracellular messenger, possibly cAMP. The peptide's effect on channel activity is dose dependent in a manner that parallels its effect on tension. These results indicate that the activation of these channels and the resulting influx of Ca2+ into the muscle fiber play a role in the potentiation of tension in this muscle. AD - Department of Psychology, Stanford University, California 94305-2130. AN - 1702465 AU - Bishop, C. A. AU - Krouse, M. E. AU - Wine, J. J. DA - Jan ET - 1991/01/01 J2 - J Neurosci KW - Animals Astacoidea Cell Membrane/drug effects/physiology Chloride Channels Glutamates/pharmacology Glutamic Acid Ion Channel Gating/drug effects Ion Channels/drug effects/physiology Membrane Potentials/drug effects Membrane Proteins/physiology Models, Biological Muscle Contraction/drug effects Muscles/*physiology *Neuropeptides Neurotransmitter Agents/pharmacology Oligopeptides/*pharmacology Potassium Channels/drug effects/*physiology Second Messenger Systems/drug effects L1 - internal-pdf://2442186215/Bishop-1991-Peptide cotransmitter potentiates.pdf LA - eng M1 - 1 M3 - In Vitro Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. N1 - Bishop, C A Krouse, M E Wine, J J 20557/PHS HHS/ J Neurosci. 1991 Jan;11(1):269-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1702465 http://www.jneurosci.org/content/11/1/269.full.pdf PY - 1991 SN - 0270-6474 (Print) 0270-6474 (Linking) SP - 269-76 ST - Peptide cotransmitter potentiates calcium channel activity in crayfish skeletal muscle T2 - The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience TI - Peptide cotransmitter potentiates calcium channel activity in crayfish skeletal muscle UR - http://www.jneurosci.org/content/11/1/269 VL - 11 ID - 12 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The pentapeptide proctolin is colocalized with a conventional, conductance-increasing neurotransmitter in 3 of 5 excitatory motoneurons that innervate a posture-related tonic flexor muscle of the crayfish. It is released from these neurons in response to nerve impulses. Nanomolar concentrations of proctolin superfused on the tonic flexor muscle act postsynaptically to potentiate tension generated by a given level of depolarization. Proctolin alone has no detectable effect on muscle tension, nor does it alter the resting membrane potential of the muscle. Proctolin produces no detectable effect on the EPSPs of the 1 proctolinergic motoneuron that was examined. Neurally released proctolin can be selectively depleted from severed motor axons following prolonged, low-frequency stimulation; EPSPs reflecting conventional transmitter release are unaltered by this procedure. After proctolin depletion, tension generated by the motoneuron is greatly reduced. Taken together, these results indicate that the peptide secondary transmitter in this neuromuscular preparation is an important contributor to the magnitude of tension generated by the motoneuron, but since its effect is dependent on the depolarizing EPSPs of the conventional neurotransmitter, it does not contribute to the temporal aspects of tension generation. These aspects are controlled exclusively by the conventional neurotransmitter. AN - 3598647 AU - Bishop, C. A. AU - Wine, J. J. AU - Nagy, F. AU - O’Shea, M. R. DA - Jun ET - 1987/06/01 J2 - J Neurosci KW - Animals Astacoidea/*physiology Electric Stimulation Electrophysiology Membrane Potentials/drug effects Motor Neurons/physiology Muscle Contraction/drug effects Muscle Denervation Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology *Neuropeptides Oligopeptides/metabolism/*physiology Perfusion L1 - internal-pdf://2426206510/Bishop-1987-Physiological consequences of a pe.pdf LA - eng M1 - 6 M3 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. N1 - Bishop, C A Wine, J J Nagy, F O'Shea, M R 20557/PHS HHS/ J Neurosci. 1987 Jun;7(6):1769-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3598647 http://www.jneurosci.org/content/7/6/1769.full.pdf PY - 1987 SN - 0270-6474 (Print) 0270-6474 (Linking) SP - 1769-79 ST - Physiological consequences of a peptide cotransmitter in a crayfish nerve-muscle preparation T2 - The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience TI - Physiological consequences of a peptide cotransmitter in a crayfish nerve-muscle preparation UR - http://www.jneurosci.org/content/7/6/1769.full.pdf+html VL - 7 ID - 13 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The crayfish opener neuromuscular preparation exhibits most of the plasticities yet described for any synapse, including facilitation, long-term potentiation, presynaptic inhibition, and modulation. Since the presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic muscle fibers can both be intracellularly penetrated, one can now more easily examine the cellular/molecular bases for these plasticities. Data from such studies suggest that facilitation may be influenced by something other than residual free calcium and that presynaptic inhibition is produced by a conductance increase to chloride in the terminals of the excitor axon. Several drugs (ethanol, pentobarbital) have significant effects on these synaptic plasticities over concentration ranges which produce obvious behavioral effects in crayfish and mammals. Hence, this preparation should be a useful model system to determine cellular/molecular bases for various synaptic plasticities and the effects of drugs on these plasticities. AD - Department of Zoology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin 78712. AN - 2664080 AU - Bittner, G. D. DA - Jul DO - 10.1002/neu.480200510 ET - 1989/07/01 J2 - J Neurobiol KW - Animals Astacoidea/*physiology Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology *Neuronal Plasticity LA - eng M1 - 5 M3 - In Vitro Review N1 - Bittner, G D J Neurobiol. 1989 Jul;20(5):386-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2664080 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/neu.480200510/abstract PY - 1989 SN - 0022-3034 (Print) 0022-3034 (Linking) SP - 386-408 ST - Synaptic plasticity at the crayfish opener neuromuscular preparation T2 - Journal of Neurobiology TI - Synaptic plasticity at the crayfish opener neuromuscular preparation VL - 20 ID - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Intracellular recordings were made from identified neurons in the suboesophageal ganglionic mass of the snail, Helix aspersa. The ionic mechanisms associated with acetylcholine excitation and inhibition, dopamine excitation and inhibition, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) excitation and inhibition and serotonin excitation were investigated. Acetylcholine excitation was found to involve an initial increase in sodium conductance while acetylcholine inhibition was a pure chloride event which reversed at membrane potentials more negative than the chloride equilibrium potential. Dopamine excitation appeared to involve only an increase in sodium conductance while serotonin excitation involved an increase in conductance to both sodium and calcium ions. Dopamine inhibition was associated with an increase in potassium conductance but failed to reverse at membrane potentials more negative than the potassium equilibrium potential. GABA excitation involved conductance increases to both sodium and chloride ions while GABA inhibition was a pure chloride event. An attempt was made to estimate the degree of co-operativity of the putative transmitters with their receptors using log-log and Hill plots. The slopes of the line for the log-log plots for acetylcholine excitation and inhibition were 0.88 and 1.1, respectively, suggesting the interaction of one molecule of acetylcholine with the receptor. The slope of the log-log plot for dopamine inhibition was 0.46 while that for serotonin excitation was 0.75. The Hill plots for GABA excitation and inhibition were 1.64 and 1.42, respectively, suggesting that two molecules of GABA are required for receptor activation. AN - 2874941 AU - Bokisch, A. J. AU - Walker, R. J. DO - 10.1016/0742-8413(86)90088-5 ET - 1986/01/01 J2 - Comp Biochem Physiol C KW - Acetylcholine/pharmacology Animals Chlorides/pharmacology Dopamine/pharmacology Helix (Snails) Neurons/drug effects/*physiology Neurotransmitter Agents/*pharmacology Serotonin/pharmacology Sodium/pharmacology gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/pharmacology LA - eng M1 - 2 M3 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Bokisch, A J Walker, R J ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1986;84(2):231-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2874941 PY - 1986 SN - 0742-8413 (Print) 0742-8413 (Linking) SP - 231-41 ST - The ionic mechanism associated with the action of putative transmitters on identified neurons of the snail, Helix aspersa T2 - Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C, Comparative pharmacology and toxicology TI - The ionic mechanism associated with the action of putative transmitters on identified neurons of the snail, Helix aspersa VL - 84 ID - 16 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Octopamine, the phenol analogue of noradrenaline, is a neurosecretory product found in many vertebrate and invertebrate species. In the American lobster, octopamine produces an increase in muscular tension during activation of the motor nerve and may induce spontaneous contractions at concentrations of 10(-7) M (refs 1,2). In the lobster, postsynaptic mechanisms, including a change in Ca2+ conductance of the muscle membrane, are thought to be responsible for potentiation of contraction. In contrast, studies on insects have implicated both pre- and postsynaptic effects: for example, O'Shea and Evans reported that neuromuscular transmission in the locust leg extensor muscle is modulated by octopamine released from a specific neurosecretory neurone which acts on high-affinity octopamine receptors located both on the muscle and on excitatory nerve terminals. The presynaptic receptors mediate an increase in frequency of spontaneous miniature postsynaptic potentials recorded in the muscle. In view of the apparent discrepancy between insect and crustacean results, we have re-examined the effects of octopamine on neuromuscular transmission in a crustacean muscle and report here that enhanced postsynaptic potentials produced by very low levels of octopamine (10(-10) -10(-7) M) are largely attributable to a presynaptic effect which increases quantal release of transmitter. Also, this effect is more pronounced and longer lasting when octopamine is applied to active neuromuscular preparations. This system provides a model for selective consolidation of active synapses by neurohormonal mechanisms. Such an effect could be of general significance in the nervous system, as it would provide a mechanism for selective neurohormonal regulation and strengthening of pathways used during specific activities. AN - 6406911 AU - Breen, C. A. AU - Atwood, H. L. DA - Jun 23-29 DO - 10.1038/303716a0 ET - 1983/06/23 J2 - Nature KW - Animals Astacoidea Electric Conductivity Evoked Potentials/drug effects Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects/*physiology Octopamine/*pharmacology Synapses/physiology LA - eng M1 - 5919 N1 - Breen, C A Atwood, H L ENGLAND Nature. 1983 Jun 23-29;303(5919):716-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6406911 PY - 1983 SN - 0028-0836 (Print) 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 716-8 ST - Octopamine—a neurohormone with presynaptic activity-dependent effects at crayfish neuromuscular junctions T2 - Nature TI - Octopamine—a neurohormone with presynaptic activity-dependent effects at crayfish neuromuscular junctions VL - 303 ID - 17 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Over the past two decades, research has identified extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor populations that enable neurons to sense the low ambient GABA concentrations present in the extracellular space in order to generate a form of tonic inhibition not previously considered in studies of neuronal excitability. The importance of this tonic inhibition in regulating states of consciousness is highlighted by the fact that extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) are believed to be key targets for anesthetics, sleep-promoting drugs, neurosteroids, and alcohol. The neurosteroid sensitivity of these extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs may explain their importance in stress-, ovarian cycle-, and pregnancy-related mood disorders. Moreover, disruptions in network dynamics associated with schizophrenia, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease may well involve alterations in the tonic GABA(A)R-mediated conductance. Extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs may therefore present a therapeutic target for treatment of these diseases, with the potential to enhance cognition and aid poststroke functional recovery. AD - Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK. s.brickley@imperial.ac.uk AN - 22243744 AU - Brickley, S. G. AU - Mody, I. C2 - 3399243 DA - Jan 12 DO - 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.012 J2 - Neuron KW - Animals Brain/metabolism/pathology Central Nervous System Diseases/classification/drug therapy/*metabolism/*pathology GABA Agents/therapeutic use Humans Models, Neurological Receptors, GABA-A/*metabolism Synapses/*metabolism M1 - 1 N1 - Brickley, Stephen G Mody, Istvan eng G0501584/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom G0800506/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom MH076994/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ NS030549/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ R01 MH076994-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ R01 NS030549/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ R01 NS030549-07/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ WT094211MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2012/01/17 06:00 Neuron. 2012 Jan 12;73(1):23-34. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243744 PY - 2012 SN - 1097-4199 (Electronic) 0896-6273 (Linking) SP - 23-34 ST - Extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors: Their function in the CNS and implications for disease T2 - Neuron TI - Extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors: Their function in the CNS and implications for disease VL - 73 ID - 139 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Kandel, E.R. A2 - Schwartz, J.H. A2 - Jessell, T.M. A2 - Siegelbaum, S.A. A2 - Hudspeth, A.J. AU - Brown, R.H. AU - Cannon, S.C. AU - Rowland, L.P. CY - Newark ET - 5 PB - McGraw Hill PY - 2013 SE - 14 SN - 9780071390118 ST - Diseases of the nerve and motor unit T2 - Principles of Neural Science TI - Diseases of the nerve and motor unit UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=s64z-LdAIsEC ID - 191 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Byrne, John H A2 - Roberts, James L AU - Byrne, John H CY - San Diego PB - Academic Press PY - 2009 SE - 16 ST - Postsynaptic potentials and synaptic integration T2 - From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience TI - Postsynaptic potentials and synaptic integration UR - http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0080920837 ID - 210 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Byrne, John H A2 - Roberts, James L AU - Byrne, J. H. AU - LaBar, K.S. AU - LeDoux, J.E AU - Lindquist, D. H AU - Thompson, R.H. AU - Teyler, T.J. CY - San Diego PB - Academic Press PY - 2009 SP - 539-608 ST - Learning and memory: Basic mechanisms T2 - From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience TI - Learning and memory: Basic mechanisms UR - http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0080920837 ID - 221 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Byrne, John H A2 - Roberts, James L AU - Byrne, John H AU - Shepherd, G.M CY - San Diego PB - Academic Press PY - 2009 SE - 4 ST - Electrotonic properties of axons and dendrites T2 - From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience TI - Electrotonic properties of axons and dendrites UR - http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0080920837 ID - 173 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In many peripheral and central neurons, A-type K(+) currents, IA, have been identified and shown to be key determinants in shaping action potential waveforms and repetitive firing properties, as well as in the regulation of synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. The functional properties and physiological roles of native neuronal IA, however, have been shown to be quite diverse in different types of neurons. Accumulating evidence suggests that this functional diversity is generated by multiple mechanisms, including the expression and subcellular distributions of IA channels encoded by different voltage-gated K(+) (Kv) channel pore-forming (alpha) subunits, interactions of Kv alpha subunits with cytosolic and/or transmembrane accessory subunits and regulatory proteins and post-translational modifications of channel subunits. Several recent reports further suggest that local protein translation in the dendrites of neurons and interactions between IA channels with other types of voltage-gated ion channels further expands the functional diversity of native neuronal IA channels. Here, we review the diverse molecular mechanisms that have been shown or proposed to underlie the functional diversity of native neuronal IA channels. AD - 1Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. AN - 24106264 AU - Carrasquillo, Y. AU - Nerbonne, J. M. DA - Apr DO - 10.1177/1073858413504003 M1 - 2 N1 - Carrasquillo, Yarimar Nerbonne, Jeanne M eng F32 NS-065581/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ R01 NS-03676/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural 2013/10/10 06:00 Neuroscientist. 2014 Apr;20(2):104-11. doi: 10.1177/1073858413504003. Epub 2013 Oct 8. PY - 2014 SN - 1089-4098 (Electronic) 1073-8584 (Linking) SP - 104-11 ST - IA channels: Diverse regulatory mechanisms T2 - The Neuroscientist TI - IA channels: Diverse regulatory mechanisms UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24106264 VL - 20 ID - 298 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This article reviews the principles that rule the organization of motor commands that have been described over the past five decades in crayfish. The adaptation of motor behaviors requires the integration of sensory cues into the motor command. The respective roles of central neural networks and sensory feedback are presented in the order of increasing complexity. The simplest circuits described are those involved in the control of a single joint during posture (negative feedback-resistance reflex) and movement (modulation of sensory feedback and reversal of the reflex into an assistance reflex). More complex integration is required to solve problems of coordination of joint movements in a pluri-segmental appendage, and coordination of different limbs and different motor systems. In addition, beyond the question of mechanical fitting, the motor command must be appropriate to the behavioral context. Therefore, sensory information is used also to select adequate motor programs. A last aspect of adaptability concerns the possibility of neural networks to change their properties either temporarily (such on-line modulation exerted, for example, by presynaptic mechanisms) or more permanently (such as plastic changes that modify the synaptic efficacy). Finally, the question of how "automatic" local component networks are controlled by descending pathways, in order to achieve behaviors, is discussed. AN - 11124446 AU - Cattaert, D. AU - Le Ray, D. DA - Feb J2 - Progress in neurobiology KW - Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology Animals Astacoidea Central Nervous System/*physiology Feedback/physiology Long-Term Potentiation/physiology Mechanoreceptors/physiology Membrane Potentials/physiology Motor Activity/*physiology Nerve Net/*physiology Neuronal Plasticity/physiology Posture/physiology Proprioception/physiology Reflex/*physiology Sense Organs/physiology Stress, Mechanical M1 - 2 N1 - Cattaert, D Le Ray , D eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review England 2000/12/22 11:00 Prog Neurobiol. 2001 Feb;63(2):199-240. PY - 2001 SN - 0301-0082 (Print) 0301-0082 (Linking) SP - 199-240 ST - Adaptive motor control in crayfish T2 - Prog Neurobiol TI - Adaptive motor control in crayfish UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11124446 VL - 63 ID - 146 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Studies of genetic forms of epilepsy, chronic pain, and migraine caused by mutations in ion channels have given crucial insights into molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis, and therapeutic approaches to complex neurological disorders. Gain-of-function missense mutations in the brain type-I sodium channel Na(V)1.1 are a primary cause of generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Loss-of-function mutations in Na(V)1.1 channels cause severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, an intractable childhood epilepsy. Studies of a mouse model show that this disease is caused by selective loss of sodium current and excitability of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons, which leads to hyperexcitability, epilepsy, and ataxia. Mutations in the peripheral sodium channel Na(V)1.7 cause familial pain syndromes. Gain-of-function mutations cause erythromelalgia and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder as a result of hyperexcitability of sensory neurons, whereas loss-of-function mutations cause congenital indifference to pain because of attenuation of action potential firing. These experiments have defined correlations between genotype and phenotype in chronic pain diseases and focused attention on Na(V)1.7 as a therapeutic target. Familial hemiplegic migraine is caused by mutations in the calcium channel, Ca(V)2.1, which conducts P/Q-type calcium currents that initiate neurotransmitter release. These mutations increase activation at negative membrane potentials and increase evoked neurotransmitter release at cortical glutamatergic synapses. Studies of a mouse genetic model show that these gain-of-function effects lead to cortical spreading depression, aura, and potentially migraine. Overall, these experiments indicate that imbalance in the activity of excitatory and inhibitory neurons is an important underlying cause of these diseases. AD - Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280, USA. wcatt@u.washington.edu AN - 19005038 AU - Catterall, W. A. AU - Dib-Hajj, S. AU - Meisler, M. H. AU - Pietrobon, D. C2 - 3177942 DA - Nov 12 DO - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3901-08.2008 J2 - The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience KW - Animals Brain/metabolism/physiopathology Brain Diseases/*genetics/*metabolism/physiopathology Calcium Channels/genetics/metabolism Channelopathies/*genetics/*metabolism/physiopathology Disease Models, Animal Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics Humans Ion Channels/*genetics/*metabolism Mutation/genetics Neurons/metabolism M1 - 46 N1 - Catterall, William A Dib-Hajj, Sulayman Meisler, Miriam H Pietrobon, Daniela eng GGP06234/Telethon/Italy NS25704/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ NS34509/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ R01 NS025704/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ R01 NS025704-22/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review 2008/11/14 09:00 J Neurosci. 2008 Nov 12;28(46):11768-77. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3901-08.2008. PY - 2008 SN - 1529-2401 (Electronic) 0270-6474 (Linking) SP - 11768-77 ST - Inherited neuronal ion channelopathies: New windows on complex neurological diseases T2 - J Neurosci TI - Inherited neuronal ion channelopathies: New windows on complex neurological diseases UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005038 VL - 28 ID - 299 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This review summarized the contribution to neurobiology achieved through the use of invertebrate preparations in the second half of the 20th century. This fascinating period was preceded by pioneers who explored a wide variety of invertebrate phyla and developed various preparations appropriate for electrophysiological studies. Their work advanced general knowledge about neuronal properties (dendritic, somatic, and axonal excitability; pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms). The study of invertebrates made it possible to identify cell bodies in different ganglia, and monitor their operation in the course of behavior. In the 1970s, the details of central neural circuits in worms, molluscs, insects, and crustaceans were characterized for the first time and well before equivalent findings were made in vertebrate preparations. The concept and nature of a central pattern generator (CPG) have been studied in detail, and the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) is a fine example, having led to many major developments since it was first examined. The final part of the review is a discussion of recent neuroethological studies that have addressed simple cognitive functions and confirmed the utility of invertebrate models. After presenting our invertebrate "mice," the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, our conclusion, based on arguments very different from those used fifty years ago, is that invertebrate models are still essential for acquiring insight into the complexity of the brain. AD - P3M, CNRS, Universite de la Mediterranee, Marseille, France. clarac@dpm.cnrs-mrs.fr AN - 17500093 AU - Clarac, F. AU - Pearlstein, E. DA - Apr J2 - Brain research reviews KW - Animals Brain/cytology/physiology Central Nervous System/cytology/*physiology Ganglia, Invertebrate/cytology/physiology History, 20th Century Invertebrates/anatomy & histology/*physiology Models, Animal Neural Pathways/*physiology Neurobiology/*history/trends Neurons/*physiology M1 - 1 N1 - Clarac, Francois Pearlstein, Edouard eng Historical Article Netherlands 2007/05/15 09:00 Brain Res Rev. 2007 Apr;54(1):113-61. PY - 2007 SN - 0165-0173 (Print) 0165-0173 (Linking) SP - 113-61 ST - Invertebrate preparations and their contribution to neurobiology in the second half of the 20th century T2 - Brain research reviews TI - Invertebrate preparations and their contribution to neurobiology in the second half of the 20th century UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17500093 VL - 54 ID - 147 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 6827296 AU - Clement, J. F. AU - Taylor, A. K. AU - Velez, S. J. DA - Jan ET - 1983/01/01 J2 - J Neurophysiol KW - Animals Astacoidea Axons/physiology Muscle Denervation Muscles/*innervation *Nerve Regeneration Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology Synapses/physiology LA - eng M1 - 1 M3 - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. N1 - Clement, J F Taylor, A K Velez, S J 1 R01 NS 13800/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ J Neurophysiol. 1983 Jan;49(1):216-26. http://jn.physiology.org/content/49/1/216.long PY - 1983 SN - 0022-3077 (Print) 0022-3077 (Linking) SP - 216-26 ST - Effect of a limited target area on regeneration of specific neuromuscular connections in the crayfish T2 - Journal of neurophysiology TI - Effect of a limited target area on regeneration of specific neuromuscular connections in the crayfish UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6827296 VL - 49 ID - 18 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Delcomyn, F. CY - New York PB - W.H. Freeman PY - 1998 SE - 9 ST - Foundations of Neurobiology TI - Foundations of Neurobiology ID - 242 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To develop a constitutively active K(+) leak channel using TREK-1 (TWIK-related potassium channel 1; TREK-M) that is resistant to compensatory down-regulation by second messenger cascades, and to validate the ability of TREK-M to silence hyperactive neurons using cultured hippocampal neurons. To test if adenoassociated viral (AAV) delivery of TREK-M could reduce the duration of status epilepticus and reduce neuronal death induced by lithium-pilocarpine administration. METHODS: Molecular cloning techniques were used to engineer novel vectors to deliver TREK-M via plasmids, lentivirus, and AAV using a cytomegalovirus (CMV)-enhanced GABRA4 promoter. Electrophysiology was used to characterize the activity and regulation of TREK-M in human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells, and the ability to reduce spontaneous activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Adult male rats were injected bilaterally with self-complementary AAV particles composed of serotype 5 capsid into the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Lithium-pilocarpine was used to induce status epilepticus. Seizures were monitored using continuous video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. Neuronal death was measured using Fluoro-Jade C staining of paraformaldehyde-fixed brain slices. RESULTS: TREK-M inhibited neuronal firing by hyperpolarizing the resting membrane potential and decreasing input resistance. AAV delivery of TREK-M decreased the duration of status epilepticus by 50%. Concomitantly it reduced neuronal death in areas targeted by the AAV injection. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that TREK-M can silence hyperexcitable neurons in the brain of epileptic rats and treat acute seizures. This study paves the way for an alternative gene therapy treatment of status epilepticus, and provides the rationale for studies of AAV-TREK-M's effect on spontaneous seizures in chronic models of temporal lobe epilepsy. AD - Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Program University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A; Department of Neuroscience, Graduate Program University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. AN - 24299204 AU - Dey, D. AU - Eckle, V. S. AU - Vitko, I. AU - Sullivan, K. A. AU - Lasiecka, Z. M. AU - Winckler, B. AU - Stornetta, R. L. AU - Williamson, J. M. AU - Kapur, J. AU - Perez-Reyes, E. DA - Feb DO - 10.1111/epi.12472 J2 - Epilepsia KW - Animals Cell Death/genetics Cell Polarity/genetics *Gene Transfer Techniques Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage/genetics HEK293 Cells Humans Male Neural Inhibition/genetics Neurons/*pathology/physiology Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain/administration & dosage/*genetics Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Status Epilepticus/*genetics/pathology/*prevention & control M1 - 2 N1 - Dey, Deblina Eckle, Veit-Simon Vitko, Iuliia Sullivan, Kyle A Lasiecka, Zofia M Winckler, Bettina Stornetta, Ruth L Williamson, John M Kapur, Jaideep Perez-Reyes, Edward eng NS040337/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ R01 NS040337/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ R01 NS044370/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2013/12/05 06:00 Epilepsia. 2014 Feb;55(2):203-13. doi: 10.1111/epi.12472. Epub 2013 Dec 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24299204 PY - 2014 SN - 1528-1167 (Electronic) 0013-9580 (Linking) SP - 203-13 ST - A potassium leak channel silences hyperactive neurons and ameliorates status epilepticus T2 - Epilepsia TI - A potassium leak channel silences hyperactive neurons and ameliorates status epilepticus VL - 55 ID - 140 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Nociception is essential for survival whereas pathological pain is maladaptive and often unresponsive to pharmacotherapy. Voltage-gated sodium channels, Na(v)1.1-Na(v)1.9, are essential for generation and conduction of electrical impulses in excitable cells. Human and animal studies have identified several channels as pivotal for signal transmission along the pain axis, including Na(v)1.3, Na(v)1.7, Na(v)1.8, and Na(v)1.9, with the latter three preferentially expressed in peripheral sensory neurons and Na(v)1.3 being upregulated along pain-signaling pathways after nervous system injuries. Na(v)1.7 is of special interest because it has been linked to a spectrum of inherited human pain disorders. Here we review the contribution of these sodium channel isoforms to pain. AD - Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. AN - 20367448 AU - Dib-Hajj, S. D. AU - Cummins, T. R. AU - Black, J. A. AU - Waxman, S. G. DO - 10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153234 J2 - Annual review of neuroscience KW - Animals Disease Models, Animal Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics Humans Nociceptors/*metabolism Pain/genetics/*metabolism/*physiopathology Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism Sodium Channels/genetics/*metabolism N1 - Dib-Hajj, Sulayman D Cummins, Theodore R Black, Joel A Waxman, Stephen G eng NS053422/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review 2010/04/07 06:00 Annu Rev Neurosci. 2010;33:325-47. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153234. PY - 2010 SN - 1545-4126 (Electronic) 0147-006X (Linking) SP - 325-47 ST - Sodium channels in normal and pathological pain T2 - Annu Rev Neurosci TI - Sodium channels in normal and pathological pain UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20367448 VL - 33 ID - 300 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Abstract: Pacemaking is a basic physiological process, and the cellular mechanisms involved in this function have always attracted the keen attention of investigators. The "funny" (I(f)) current, originally described in sinoatrial node myocytes as an inward current activated on hyperpolarization to the diastolic range of voltages, has properties suitable for generating repetitive activity and for modulating spontaneous rate. The degree of activation of the funny current determines, at the end of an action potential, the steepness of phase 4 depolarization; hence, the frequency of action potential firing. Because I(f) is controlled by intracellular cAMP and is thus activated and inhibited by beta-adrenergic and muscarinic M2 receptor stimulation, respectively, it represents a basic physiological mechanism mediating autonomic regulation of heart rate. Given the complexity of the cellular processes involved in rhythmic activity, an exact quantification of the extent to which I(f) and other mechanisms contribute to pacemaking is still a debated issue; nonetheless, a wealth of information collected since the current was first described more than 30 years ago clearly agrees to identify I(f) as a major player in both generation of spontaneous activity and rate control. I(f)- dependent pacemaking has recently advanced from a basic, physiologically relevant concept, as originally described, to a practical concept that has several potentially useful clinical applications and can be valuable in therapeutically relevant conditions. Typically, given their exclusive role in pacemaking, f-channels are ideal targets of drugs aiming to pharmacological control of cardiac rate. Molecules able to bind specifically to and block f-channels can thus be used as pharmacological tools for heart rate reduction with little or no adverse cardiovascular side effects. Indeed a selective f-channel inhibitor, ivabradine, is today commercially available as a tool in the treatment of stable chronic angina. Also, several loss-of-function mutations of HCN4 (hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic-nucleotide gated 4), the major constitutive subunit of f-channels in pacemaker cells, are known today to cause rhythm disturbances, such as for example inherited sinus bradycardia. Finally, gene- or cell-based methods for in situ delivery of f-channels to silent or defective cardiac muscle represent novel approaches for the development of biological pacemakers eventually able to replace electronic devices. AD - University of Milano, Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, The PaceLab, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy. dario.difrancesco@unimi.it AN - 20167941 AU - DiFrancesco, D. DA - Feb 19 DO - 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.208041 J2 - Circ. Res. KW - Action Potentials/*physiology Animals Benzazepines/pharmacology Cyclic AMP/physiology Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels/physiology Heart Conduction System/*physiology Heart Rate/physiology Humans Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels Ion Channels/physiology Muscle Proteins/physiology Phosphorylation Potassium/physiology Potassium Channels/drug effects/*physiology Protein Processing, Post-Translational Receptor, Muscarinic M2/physiology Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology Ryanodine/pharmacology Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/physiology Sinoatrial Node/cytology/*physiology Sodium/physiology M1 - 3 N1 - DiFrancesco, Dario eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review 2010/02/20 06:00 Circ Res. 2010 Feb 19;106(3):434-46. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.208041. PY - 2010 SN - 1524-4571 (Electronic) 0009-7330 (Linking) SP - 434-446 ST - The role of the funny current in pacemaker activity T2 - Circulation Research TI - The role of the funny current in pacemaker activity UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20167941 VL - 106 ID - 276 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Synapses display remarkable alterations in strength during repetitive use. Different types of synapses exhibit distinctive synaptic plasticity, but the factors giving rise to such diversity are not fully understood. To provide the experimental basis for a general model of short-term plasticity, we studied three synapses in rat brain slices at 34 degrees C: the climbing fiber to Purkinje cell synapse, the parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse, and the Schaffer collateral to CA1 pyramidal cell synapse. These synapses exhibited a broad range of responses to regular and Poisson stimulus trains. Depression dominated at the climbing fiber synapse, facilitation was prominent at the parallel fiber synapse, and both depression and facilitation were apparent in the Schaffer collateral synapse. These synapses were modeled by incorporating mechanisms of short-term plasticity that are known to be driven by residual presynaptic calcium (Ca(res)). In our model, release is the product of two factors: facilitation and refractory depression. Facilitation is caused by a calcium-dependent increase in the probability of release. Refractory depression is a consequence of release sites becoming transiently ineffective after release. These sites recover with a time course that is accelerated by elevations of Ca(res). Facilitation and refractory depression are coupled by their common dependence on Ca(res) and because increased transmitter release leads to greater synaptic depression. This model captures the behavior of three different synapses for various stimulus conditions. The interplay of facilitation and depression dictates synaptic strength and variability during repetitive activation. The resulting synaptic plasticity transforms the timing of presynaptic spikes into varying postsynaptic response amplitudes. AD - Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. AN - 10662828 AU - Dittman, J. S. AU - Kreitzer, A. C. AU - Regehr, W. G. DA - Feb 15 ET - 2000/02/09 J2 - J Neurosci KW - Animals Basal Ganglia/physiology Calcium/*physiology Cerebellum/*physiology Electric Stimulation Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/*physiology Hippocampus/*physiology Kinetics Models, Neurological Neuronal Plasticity/physiology Presynaptic Terminals/*physiology Purkinje Cells/*physiology Pyramidal Cells/*physiology Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Synapses/physiology L1 - internal-pdf://3829176425/Dittman-2000-Interplay between facilitation, d.pdf LA - eng M1 - 4 M3 - In Vitro Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. N1 - Dittman, J S Kreitzer, A C Regehr, W G R01-NS32405-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ J Neurosci. 2000 Feb 15;20(4):1374-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10662828 http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/4/1374.full.pdf PY - 2000 SN - 0270-6474 (Print) 0270-6474 (Linking) SP - 1374-85 ST - Interplay between facilitation, depression, and residual calcium at three presynaptic terminals T2 - The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience TI - Interplay between facilitation, depression, and residual calcium at three presynaptic terminals UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10662828 VL - 20 ID - 22 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The effect of the biogenic amines octopamine and serotonin, and of both amines combined (cocktails) on transmitter release at neuromuscular junctions of two crustaceans was studied. octopamine (10(-8) mol l(-1) to 10(-6) mol l(-1)) either enhanced or decreased evoked transmitter release through presynaptic effects. The results were identical for the slow and the fast excitor in the closer muscle of the crab, and for the excitor in the opener muscle of the crayfish. Application of serotonin always resulted in a strong increase of release. However, this potentiating effect of serotonin was reduced in strength by subsequent application of cocktails consisting of serotonin and octopamine. In all experiments, a cocktail of serotonin and octopamine was less effective than serotonin alone. The decrease in the mean quantal content m by octopamine was due to a reduction of the probability of release p. Since both amines are synthesized in the central nervous system and are released from neurohaemal organs into the haemolymph bathing the neuromuscular junctions, the results suggest that the two amines, when present together, modulate transmitter release in an antagonistic way, and that the level of the two determines synaptic efficacy. AD - Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany. AN - 15524002 AU - Djokaj, S. AU - Cooper, R. L. AU - Rathmayer, W. DA - Mar DO - 10.1007/s003590100187 ET - 2004/11/05 J2 - J Comp Physiol A KW - Animals Crustacea/*physiology Drug Interactions Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Hemolymph/chemistry Neuromuscular Junction/*drug effects/*physiology Octopamine/*pharmacology Serotonin/*pharmacology Synaptic Transmission/*drug effects/*physiology LA - eng M1 - 2 M3 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. N1 - Djokaj, S Cooper, R L Rathmayer, W Germany J Comp Physiol A. 2001 Mar;187(2):145-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15524002 PY - 2001 SN - 0340-7594 (Print) 0340-7594 (Linking) SP - 145-54 ST - Presynaptic effects of octopamine, serotonin, and cocktails of the two modulators on neuromuscular transmission in crustaceans T2 - Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology TI - Presynaptic effects of octopamine, serotonin, and cocktails of the two modulators on neuromuscular transmission in crustaceans VL - 187 ID - 23 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two opposing muscle systems underlie abdominal contractions during escape swimming in crayfish. In this study we used extracellular and intracellular stimulation, recording and dye-filling to systematically identify each of the five deep extensor exciters and single inhibitor of the crayfish, Cherax destructor. Functional associations of each neuron were characterised by recording its responses to sensory and abdominal cord inputs, its extensor muscle innervation pattern, and its relationships with other neurons. Each exciter receives excitatory input from the tonic abdominal stretch receptors and the largest neuron also receives input from the phasic stretch receptor. The two largest exciters innervate the muscle bundle containing the fastest fibres and may be electronically coupled. The smaller neurons may also be electronically coupled and innervate the remaining deep extensor fibres which display dynamic characteristics from fast to medium-fast. The inhibitor does not receive input from the stretch receptors, but is strongly excited by tactile afferents. The implications of these findings for the current models of the control of abdominal tailflips and swimming are discussed. AD - Drummond, JM Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, POB 4010, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, POB 4010, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA Univ Melbourne, Dept Zool, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia AN - ISI:000077297200006 AU - Drummond, J. M. AU - Macmillan, D. L. DA - Nov DO - 10.1007/S003590050285 J2 - J Comp Physiol A KW - abdominal extensor motor neurons morphology physiology stretch receptors crayfish giant fiber activity escape behavior functional-organization thoracic output lateral giant lobster ganglia muscle innervation motoneurons LA - English M1 - 5 N1 - 144CY Times Cited:9 Cited References Count:67 ://000077297200006 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003590050285 PY - 1998 SN - 0340-7594 SP - 603-619 ST - The abdominal motor system of the crayfish, Cherax destructor. II. Morphology and physiology of the deep extensor motor neurons T2 - Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology TI - The abdominal motor system of the crayfish, Cherax destructor. II. Morphology and physiology of the deep extensor motor neurons VL - 183 ID - 24 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Using extracellular and intracellular stimulation, recording and dye-filling, we identified and studied the superficial extensor motor neurons of the crayfish, Cherax destructor. Functional associations of each neuron were characterised by recording its responses to sensory and abdominal cord inputs, its extensor muscle innervation pattern and its relationships with other neurons. Two clear associations were found among the six neurons of each segment. A medium-sized exciter (no. 3), that innervates a substantial percentage of extensor muscle fibres, and the largest exciter (no. 6), recruited during peak, excitation, were inhibited by input from unknown interneurons that excited the common inhibitor (no. 5). Likewise, these exciters received excitatory input when the inhibitor was silent. Another medium-sized neuron (no. 4) that innervates many muscle fibres was ce-active with one of the small exciters (no. 2). The two medium-sized neurons were never active at the same time, and these two groupings may be determined by pre-motor interneurons. The implications of these findings for our understanding of motor control in this system are discussed. AD - Drummond, JM Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, POB 4010, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, POB 4010, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA Univ Melbourne, Dept Zool, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia AN - ISI:000077297200005 AU - Drummond, J. M. AU - Macmillan, D. L. DA - Nov DO - 10.1007/S003590050284 J2 - J Comp Physiol A KW - abdominal extensor motor neurons morphology physiology stretch receptors crayfish stretch-receptor neurons nervous-system postural interneurons positioning interneurons central projections lobster organization responses serotonin command LA - English M1 - 5 N1 - 144CY Times Cited:11 Cited References Count:73 ://000077297200005 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003590050284 PY - 1998 SN - 0340-7594 SP - 583-601 ST - The abdominal motor system of the crayfish, Cherax destructor. I. Morphology and physiology of the superficial extensor motor neurons T2 - Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology TI - The abdominal motor system of the crayfish, Cherax destructor. I. Morphology and physiology of the superficial extensor motor neurons VL - 183 ID - 25 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Duncan, G. CY - Oxford PB - Blackwell Scientific Publications PY - 1990 SE - 10-11 ST - Physics in the Life Sciences TI - Physics in the Life Sciences ID - 261 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Eckert, R. AU - Randall, D. AU - Augustine, G.J. CY - New York PB - W.H. Freeman PY - 1988 SE - 7 ST - Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations TI - Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations ID - 243 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Over the last 30 years, many laboratories have examined, in parallel, the feeding behaviour of gastropod molluscs and the properties of the nervous system that give rise to this behaviour. Equal attention to both behavioural and neurobiological issues has provided deep insight into the functioning of the nervous system in generating and controlling behaviour. The conclusions derived from studies on gastropod feeding are generally consistent with those from other systems, but often provide more detailed information on the behavioural function of a particular property of the nervous system. A review of the literature on gastropod feeding illustrates a number of important messages. (i) Many of the herbivorous gastropods display similarities in behaviour that are reflected in corresponding similarities in neural anatomy, pharmacology and physiology. By contrast, the same aspects of the behaviour of different carnivorous species are quite variable, possibly because of their specialised prey-capture techniques. Nonetheless, some aspects of the neural control of feeding are preserved. (ii) Feeding in all species is flexible, with the behaviour and the physiology adapting to changes in the current environment and internal state and as a result of past experience. Flexibility arises via processes that may take place at many neural sites, and much of the modulation underlying behavioural flexibility is understood at a systems and at a cellular level. (iii) Neurones seem to have specific functions that are consistent with their endogenous properties and their synaptic connections, suggesting that individual neurones code specific pieces of information (i.e. they are 'grandmother cells'). However, the properties of a neurone can be extremely complex and can be understood only in the context of the complete neural circuit and the behaviour that it controls. In systems that are orders of magnitude more complex, it would be impossible to understand the functional properties of an individual neurone, even if it also coded specific information. (iv) Systems such as gastropod feeding may provide a model for understanding the functional properties of more complex systems. AD - Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK. cje@york.ac.uk AN - 11916985 AU - Elliott, C. J. AU - Susswein, A. J. DA - Apr J2 - The Journal of experimental biology KW - Animals Aplysia/physiology Appetite/physiology Consummatory Behavior/physiology Ethology/*methods Feeding Behavior/*physiology Helix (Snails)/physiology Lymnaea/physiology Memory/physiology Mollusca/*physiology Neurons/*physiology Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology Satiation/physiology M1 - Pt 7 N1 - Elliott, C J H Susswein, A J eng Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review England 2002/03/28 10:00 J Exp Biol. 2002 Apr;205(Pt 7):877-96. PY - 2002 SN - 0022-0949 (Print) 0022-0949 (Linking) SP - 877-96 ST - Comparative neuroethology of feeding control in molluscs T2 - J Exp Biol TI - Comparative neuroethology of feeding control in molluscs UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11916985 VL - 205 ID - 163 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Proteomic studies of the composition of mammalian synapses have revealed a high degree of complexity. The postsynaptic and presynaptic terminals are molecular systems with highly organized protein networks producing emergent physiological and behavioral properties. The major classes of synapse proteins and their respective functions in intercellular communication and adaptive responses evolved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes prior to the origins of neurons in metazoa. In eukaryotes, the organization of individual proteins into multiprotein complexes comprising scaffold proteins, receptors, and signaling enzymes formed the precursor to the core adaptive machinery of the metazoan postsynaptic terminal. Multiplicative increases in the complexity of this protosynapse machinery secondary to genome duplications drove synaptic, neuronal, and behavioral novelty in vertebrates. Natural selection has constrained diversification in mammalian postsynaptic mechanisms and the repertoire of adaptive and innate behaviors. The evolution and organization of synapse proteomes underlie the origins and complexity of nervous systems and behavior. AD - School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom. richard.emes@nottingham.ac.uk AN - 22715880 AU - Emes, R. D. AU - Grant, S. G. DO - 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150433 J2 - Annual review of neuroscience KW - Animals *Biological Evolution Cytoskeletal Proteins/*metabolism Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism *Evolution, Molecular Humans Models, Neurological Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism Prokaryotic Cells/metabolism Proteome/genetics/metabolism Synapses/*metabolism N1 - Emes, Richard D Grant, Seth G N eng G0802238/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom Medical Research Council/United Kingdom Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review 2012/06/22 06:00 Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012;35:111-31. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150433. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22715880 PY - 2012 SN - 1545-4126 (Electronic) 0147-006X (Linking) SP - 111-31 ST - Evolution of synapse complexity and diversity T2 - Annu Rev Neurosci TI - Evolution of synapse complexity and diversity VL - 35 ID - 216 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 4667134 AU - Evoy, W. H. AU - Beranek, R. DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/0010-4035(72)90024-9 ET - 1972/06/01 J2 - Comp Gen Pharmacol KW - Aminobutyrates/pharmacology Animals Astacoidea/*drug effects Drug Interactions Electric Stimulation Electrodes Glutamates/pharmacology Iontophoresis Muscles/*drug effects/innervation Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects Receptors, Drug/drug effects Synapses/*drug effects Time Factors LA - eng M1 - 10 M3 - In Vitro N1 - Evoy, W H Beranek, R ENGLAND Comp Gen Pharmacol. 1972 Jun;3(10):178-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4667134 PY - 1972 SN - 0010-4035 (Print) 0010-4035 (Linking) SP - 178-86 ST - Pharmacological localization of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic regions in crayfish slow abdominal flexor muscle-fibres T2 - Comparative and general pharmacology TI - Pharmacological localization of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic regions in crayfish slow abdominal flexor muscle-fibres VL - 3 ID - 27 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 4292906 AU - Evoy, W. H. AU - Kennedy, D. AU - Wilson, D. M. DA - Jun J2 - The Journal of experimental biology KW - Abdomen/innervation Animals Crustacea Motor Neurons/*physiology Synaptic Transmission/*physiology M1 - 3 N1 - Evoy, W H Kennedy, D Wilson, D M eng ENGLAND 1967/06/01 J Exp Biol. 1967 Jun;46(3):393-411. PY - 1967 SN - 0022-0949 (Print) 0022-0949 (Linking) SP - 393-411 ST - Discharge patterns of neurones supplying tonic abdominal flexor muscles in the crayfish T2 - J Exp Biol TI - Discharge patterns of neurones supplying tonic abdominal flexor muscles in the crayfish UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4292906 VL - 46 ID - 150 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Most studies of the muscle receptor organs (MROs) of decapod crustaceans have focused on their role in local reflex loops. This may not be their only function. We examine their involvement in the regulation of non-giant swimming cycles by removing stretch receptor (SR) input from the MROs in abdominal segments 2-5 of the crayfish Cherax destructor. SR input was left intact in two control groups, one of which had sham surgery and the other no surgery at all. We recorded electromyograms (EMGs) from selected uropod muscles during tailflipping in sequences of non-giant swimming in tethered animals. The removal of SR input had a significant effect. The opener muscle period was shorter in the experimental group than in either of the control groups. This suggests that by using SR afference, crayfish sacrifice speed for increased control of the swimming movement. AU - Faulkes, Zen AU - Macmillan, David L. DA - 2002/01/01 DO - 10.1080/1023624021000014734 M1 - 3 N1 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023624021000014734 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1023624021000014734 PY - 2002 SN - 1023-6244 SP - 149-155 ST - Effects of removal of muscle receptor organ input on the temporal structure of non-giant swimming cycles in the crayfish, Cherax destructor T2 - Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology TI - Effects of removal of muscle receptor organ input on the temporal structure of non-giant swimming cycles in the crayfish, Cherax destructor VL - 35 Y2 - 2013/01/15 ID - 30 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Mill, P.J. AU - Fields, H. L. CY - New York PB - John Wiley and Sons PY - 1976 SP - 65-114 ST - Crustacean abdominal and thoracic muscle receptor organs T2 - Structure and Function of Proprioceptors in the Invertebrates TI - Crustacean abdominal and thoracic muscle receptor organs ID - 244 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Synapses exhibit several forms of short-term plasticity that play a multitude of computational roles. Short-term depression suppresses neurotransmitter release for hundreds of milliseconds to tens of seconds; facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation lead to synaptic enhancement lasting hundreds of milliseconds to minutes. Recent advances have provided insight into the mechanisms underlying these forms of plasticity. Vesicle depletion, as well as inactivation of both release sites and calcium channels, contribute to synaptic depression. Mechanisms of short-term enhancement include calcium channel facilitation, local depletion of calcium buffers, increases in the probability of release downstream of calcium influx, altered vesicle pool properties, and increases in quantal size. Moreover, there is a growing appreciation of the heterogeneity of vesicles and release sites and how they can contribute to use-dependent plasticity. AD - Department Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States. AN - 21353526 AU - Fioravante, D. AU - Regehr, W. G. C2 - 3599780 DA - Apr DO - 10.1016/j.conb.2011.02.003 J2 - Current opinion in neurobiology KW - Animals Calcium Channels/*metabolism Humans Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology Presynaptic Terminals/*metabolism Synaptic Vesicles/*metabolism M1 - 2 N1 - Fioravante, Diasynou Regehr, Wade G eng R01 NS032405/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ R37 NS032405/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ R37 NS032405-17/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review England 2011/03/01 06:00 Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2011 Apr;21(2):269-74. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.02.003. Epub 2011 Feb 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21353526 PY - 2011 SN - 1873-6882 (Electronic) 0959-4388 (Linking) SP - 269-74 ST - Short-term forms of presynaptic plasticity T2 - Curr Opin Neurobiol TI - Short-term forms of presynaptic plasticity VL - 21 ID - 223 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recently there have been exciting advances in understanding the mechanisms and functional roles of a form of short-term synaptic enhancement (STE) that results from an activity-dependent accumulation of Ca2+ in the presynaptic terminal. This form of STE is composed of at least four processes: fast-decaying facilitation (FI), slow-decaying facilitation (F2), augmentation (AUG) and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP). Recent results suggest that these processes can now be distinguished mechanistically by the site of their induction within the presynaptic terminal: FI and F2 appear to be induced by a rapid, high concentration of Ca2+ at or near the site of exocytosis, whereas AUG and PTP seem to be induced by lower levels of Ca2+ with slower kinetics, possibly within the core of the terminal. STE is highly conserved across diverse species, and appears to serve as a flexible mechanism for temporal information processing in systems ranging from peripheral motor control to higher cortical integration. AD - Dept of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA. AN - 9106358 AU - Fisher, S. A. AU - Fischer, T. M. AU - Carew, T. J. DA - Apr DO - 10.1016/S0166-2236(96)01001-6 ET - 1997/04/01 J2 - Trends Neurosci KW - Animals Calcium/*metabolism Presynaptic Terminals/*physiology Time Factors LA - eng M1 - 4 M3 - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review N1 - Fisher, S A Fischer, T M Carew, T J MH10334/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ MH48672/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ ENGLAND Trends Neurosci. 1997 Apr;20(4):170-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9106358 PY - 1997 SN - 0166-2236 (Print) 0166-2236 (Linking) SP - 170-7 ST - Multiple overlapping processes underlying short-term synaptic enhancement T2 - Trends in neurosciences TI - Multiple overlapping processes underlying short-term synaptic enhancement VL - 20 ID - 32 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Synaptic efficacy can increase (synaptic facilitation) or decrease (synaptic depression) markedly within milliseconds after the onset of specific temporal patterns of activity. Recent evidence suggests that short-term synaptic depression contributes to low-pass temporal filtering, and can account for a well-known paradox - many low-pass neurons respond vigorously to transients and the onsets of high temporal-frequency stimuli. The use of depression for low-pass filtering, however, is itself a paradox; depression induced by ongoing high-temporal frequency stimuli could preclude desired responses to low-temporal frequency information. This problem can be circumvented, however, by activation of short-term synaptic facilitation that maintains responses to low-temporal frequency information. Such short-term plasticity might also contribute to spatio-temporal processing. AD - Dept of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, 84112, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. fortune@www.psy.jhu.edu AN - 11410267 AU - Fortune, E. S. AU - Rose, G. J. DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01835-X J2 - Trends in neurosciences KW - Animals Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/*physiology Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology Neurons, Afferent/*physiology Synapses/*physiology M1 - 7 N1 - Fortune, E S Rose, G J eng Review England 2001/06/19 10:00 Trends Neurosci. 2001 Jul;24(7):381-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11410267 PY - 2001 SN - 0166-2236 (Print) 0166-2236 (Linking) SP - 381-5 ST - Short-term synaptic plasticity as a temporal filter T2 - Trends Neurosci TI - Short-term synaptic plasticity as a temporal filter VL - 24 ID - 125 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Electrical excitability and signalling, frequently associated with rapid responses to environmental stimuli, are well known in some algae and higher plants. The presence of electrical signals, such as action potentials (AP), in both animal and plant cells suggested that plant cells, too, make use of ion channels to transmit information over long distances. In the light of rapid progress in plant biology during the past decade, the assumption that electrical signals do not only trigger rapid leaf movements in 'sensitive' plants such as Mimosa pudica or Dionaea muscipula, but also physiological processes in ordinary plants proved to be correct. Summarizing recent progress in the field of electrical signalling in plants, the present review will focus on the generation and propagation of various electrical signals, their ways of transmission within the plant body and various physiological effects. AD - Fachgebiet Holzbiologie, TU Munchen, Winzererstrasse 45, 80797 Munchen, Germany. fromm@wzw.tum.de AN - 17263772 AU - Fromm, J. AU - Lautner, S. DA - Mar DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01614.x J2 - Plant, cell & environment KW - Action Potentials *Electricity Plant Leaves/physiology *Plant Physiological Phenomena *Signal Transduction M1 - 3 N1 - Fromm, Jorg Lautner, Silke eng Review 2007/02/01 09:00 Plant Cell Environ. 2007 Mar;30(3):249-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17263772 PY - 2007 SN - 0140-7791 (Print) 0140-7791 (Linking) SP - 249-57 ST - Electrical signals and their physiological significance in plants T2 - Plant Cell Environ TI - Electrical signals and their physiological significance in plants VL - 30 ID - 132 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Salánki, J. AU - Glaizner, B. CY - New York N1 - (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia) Reprinted 2012 by Springer US ISBN 1461586208, 9781461586203 PB - Plenum Press PY - 1968 RN - [Reprinted 2012 by Springer, ISBN 1461586208] SP - 267-284 ST - Pharmacological mapping of cells in the suboesophageal ganglia of Helix aspersa T2 - Neurobiology of Invertebrates TI - Pharmacological mapping of cells in the suboesophageal ganglia of Helix aspersa UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=19tIcgAACAAJ ID - 271 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 1. The action of serotonin on excitatory transmission in the opener muscle of the dactyl of the lobster walking leg was examined by intracellular recording techniques. 2. Serotonin, at concentrations as low as 5 x 10(-9) M, caused a sustained increase in the size of the excitatory junctional (synaptic) potential (e.j.p.). When serotonin was washed out of the bath the e.j.p. declined in two steps (T 1/2 approximately equal to 1-2 min; T 1/2 approximately equal to 30 min) to the control size. The increased e.j.p. size was predominantly due to a serotonin-induced increase in the release of quanta of excitatory transmitter with nerve stimulation. 3. The increase in transmitter release did not require nerve stimulation or the presence of Na+ or Ca2+ ions in the bathing medium during the period of serotonin treatment. 4. Three types of experiments suggested that a part of the action of serotonin on excitatory nerve terminals might involve a long-term metabolic change within terminals, possibly involving the buffering or storage of Ca2+ ions. First, serotonin increased the frequency of spontaneous release of transmitter in both normal saline (26 mM-Ca2+) and saline with very low levels of Ca2+ (less than 10(-8) M). Secondly, serotonin greatly potentiated increases in miniature excitatory junctional potential frequency induced by the loading of the nerve terminal with Na+ either by veratridine or by inhibition of the Na+ pump or by the addition of the Na-ionophore monensin in low-Ca2+ salines. Thirdly, in some experiments, serotonin treatment produced a partial restoration of the nerve-evoked release of transmitter in the low-Ca2+ medium (less than 10(-8) M). AN - 6125589 AU - Glusman, S. AU - Kravitz, E. A. C2 - 1251391 DA - Apr ET - 1982/04/01 J2 - J Physiol KW - Animals Calcium/physiology Glutamates/metabolism Glutamic Acid Membrane Potentials/drug effects Nephropidae/physiology Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects/metabolism/*physiology Serotonin/*pharmacology Synapses/drug effects/physiology Synaptic Transmission/*drug effects Veratridine/pharmacology L1 - internal-pdf://1101513929/Glusman-1982-The action of serotonin on excita.pdf LA - eng M3 - In Vitro Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. N1 - Glusman, S Kravitz, E A NS-02253/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ NS-07848/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ ENGLAND J Physiol. 1982 Apr;325:223-41. http://jp.physoc.org/content/325/1/223.full.pdf PY - 1982 SN - 0022-3751 (Print) 0022-3751 (Linking) SP - 223-41 ST - The action of serotonin on excitatory nerve terminals in lobster nerve-muscle preparations T2 - The Journal of physiology TI - The action of serotonin on excitatory nerve terminals in lobster nerve-muscle preparations UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6125589 VL - 325 ID - 33 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Potassium channels are particularly important in determining the shape and duration of the action potential, controlling the membrane potential, modulating hormone secretion, epithelial function and, in the case of those K(+) channels activated by Ca(2+), damping excitatory signals. The multiplicity of roles played by K(+) channels is only possible to their mammoth diversity that includes at present 70 K(+) channels encoding genes in mammals. Today, thanks to the use of cloning, mutagenesis, and the more recent structural studies using x-ray crystallography, we are in a unique position to understand the origins of the enormous diversity of this superfamily of ion channels, the roles they play in different cell types, and the relations that exist between structure and function. With the exception of two-pore K(+) channels that are dimers, voltage-dependent K(+) channels are tetrameric assemblies and share an extremely well conserved pore region, in which the ion-selectivity filter resides. In the present overview, we discuss in the function, localization, and the relations between function and structure of the five different subfamilies of K(+) channels: (a) inward rectifiers, Kir; (b) four transmembrane segments-2 pores, K2P; (c) voltage-gated, Kv; (d) the Slo family; and (e) Ca(2+)-activated SK family, SKCa. AD - Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaiso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile. AN - 23723034 AU - Gonzalez, C. AU - Baez-Nieto, D. AU - Valencia, I. AU - Oyarzun, I. AU - Rojas, P. AU - Naranjo, D. AU - Latorre, R. DA - Jul DO - 10.1002/cphy.c110047 J2 - Comprehensive Physiology KW - Amino Acid Sequence Animals Humans Ion Channel Gating Molecular Dynamics Simulation Molecular Sequence Data Mutation Potassium Channels/chemistry/classification/genetics/*metabolism Protein Structure, Tertiary M1 - 3 N1 - Gonzalez, Carlos Baez-Nieto, David Valencia, Ignacio Oyarzun, Ingrid Rojas, Patricio Naranjo, David Latorre, Ramon eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review 2013/06/01 06:00 Compr Physiol. 2012 Jul;2(3):2087-149. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c110047. PY - 2012 SN - 2040-4603 (Electronic) 2040-4603 (Linking) SP - 2087-149 ST - K+ channels: Function-structural overview T2 - Compr Physiol TI - K+ channels: Function-structural overview UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723034 VL - 2 ID - 301 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Grass Instrument Company PY - 1990 RN - [pdf] ST - The Crayfish Stretch Receptor. Pamphlet accompanying live demonstration at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, St. Louis TI - The Crayfish Stretch Receptor. Pamphlet accompanying live demonstration at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, St. Louis ID - 246 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Greenspan, R.J. CY - Cold Spring Harbor NY PB - Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press PY - 2007 SE - Chapter 1 ST - An Introduction to Nervous Systems TI - An Introduction to Nervous Systems ID - 252 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Ion channels and receptors play critical roles in shaping neuronal activity, and thus are appropriate targets for evolutionary change to generate new behaviors. In this review, the evolution and differentiation of the many voltage-gated ion channels and transmitter-activated receptors is summarized; these channels and receptors evolved very early, and with some exceptions all species with nervous systems use similar sets of channels and receptors. Several examples are given of mechanisms for species-specific behavioral evolution that arise from mutations involving the structure, alternative splicing, level of expression, targeting and modulation of these important neural proteins. AD - Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14835, USA. rmh4@cornell.edu AN - 11016778 AU - Harris-Warrick, R. M. DA - Jul-Aug ET - 2000/10/04 J2 - J Comp Physiol A KW - Animals Behavior, Animal/*physiology *Biological Evolution Humans Ion Channels/genetics/*physiology Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/*physiology LA - eng M1 - 7-8 M3 - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review N1 - Harris-Warrick, R M NS17323/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ NS35631/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ GERMANY J Comp Physiol A. 2000 Jul-Aug;186(7-8):605-16. PY - 2000 SN - 0340-7594 (Print) 0340-7594 (Linking) SP - 605-16 ST - Ion channels and receptors: molecular targets for behavioral evolution T2 - Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology TI - Ion channels and receptors: molecular targets for behavioral evolution UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11016778 VL - 186 ID - 34 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Nervous systems have evolved two basic mechanisms for increasing the conduction speed of the electrical impulse. The first is through axon gigantism: using axons several times larger in diameter than the norm for other large axons, as for example in the well-known case of the squid giant axon. The second is through encasing axons in helical or concentrically wrapped multilamellar sheets of insulating plasma membrane--the myelin sheath. Each mechanism, alone or in combination, is employed in nervous systems of many taxa, both vertebrate and invertebrate. Myelin is a unique way to increase conduction speeds along axons of relatively small caliber. It seems to have arisen independently in evolution several times in vertebrates, annelids and crustacea. Myelinated nerves, regardless of their source, have in common a multilamellar membrane wrapping, and long myelinated segments interspersed with 'nodal' loci where the myelin terminates and the nerve impulse propagates along the axon by 'saltatory' conduction. For all of the differences in detail among the morphologies and biochemistries of the sheath in the different myelinated animal classes, the function is remarkably universal. AD - Bekesy Laboratory of Neurobiology, PBRC, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA, and Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada. danh@hawaii.edu AN - 17208176 AU - Hartline, D. K. AU - Colman, D. R. DA - Jan 9 DO - 10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.042 J2 - Curr Biol KW - Action Potentials/physiology Animals Axons/*physiology *Biological Evolution Cell Adhesion/physiology Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/*physiology Neural Conduction/*physiology M1 - 1 N1 - Hartline, D K Colman, D R eng Review England 2007/01/09 09:00 Curr Biol. 2007 Jan 9;17(1):R29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17208176 PY - 2007 SN - 0960-9822 (Print) 0960-9822 (Linking) SP - R29-35 ST - Rapid conduction and the evolution of giant axons and myelinated fibers T2 - Current Biology TI - Rapid conduction and the evolution of giant axons and myelinated fibers VL - 17 ID - 180 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Hill, Richard W. AU - Wyse, Gordon A. AU - Anderson, Margaret CY - Sunderland MA PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2012 SE - 14 SN - 9780878935598 ST - Animal Physiology TI - Animal Physiology UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=iUlqtgAACAAJ ID - 228 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Hille, B. CY - Sunderland MA PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2001 SE - 1 SN - 9780878933211 ST - Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes TI - Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=8Vk-QwAACAAJ http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0878933212 ID - 189 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Hille, B. CY - Sunderland MA PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2001 SE - 1, especially pp. 72-74 SN - 9780878933211 ST - Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes TI - Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=8Vk-QwAACAAJ http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0878933212 ID - 192 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Hille, B. CY - Sunderland MA PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2001 SE - 22 SN - 9780878933211 ST - Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes TI - Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=8Vk-QwAACAAJ http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0878933212 ID - 254 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 4401094 AU - Hinkle, M. AU - Heller, P. AU - Van der Kloot, W. DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1016/0300-9629(71)90160-5 ET - 1971/09/01 J2 - Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol KW - Aminobutyrates/pharmacology Animals Astacoidea Cell Membrane/metabolism Cell Membrane Permeability Chlorides/*metabolism/pharmacology Electric Conductivity Kinetics Mathematics Membrane Potentials/*drug effects Models, Biological Muscles/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism Potassium/*metabolism/pharmacology Potassium Chloride/pharmacology LA - eng M1 - 1 N1 - Hinkle, M Heller, P Van der Kloot, W Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol. 1971 Sep 1;40(1):181-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4401094 PY - 1971 SN - 0300-9629 (Print) 0300-9629 (Linking) SP - 181-201 ST - The influence of potassium and chloride ions on the membrane potential of single muscle fibers of the crayfish T2 - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology TI - The influence of potassium and chloride ions on the membrane potential of single muscle fibers of the crayfish VL - 40 ID - 35 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 14402240 AU - Hodgkin, A. L. AU - Horowicz, P. C2 - 1363113 DA - Oct ET - 1959/10/01 J2 - J Physiol KW - Chlorides/*pharmacology Muscles/*pharmacology Potassium/*pharmacology L1 - internal-pdf://0628175011/Hodgkin-1959-The influence of potassium and ch.pdf LA - eng N1 - HODGKIN, A L HOROWICZ, P Not Available J Physiol. 1959 Oct;148:127-60. http://jp.physoc.org/content/148/1/127.full.pdf PY - 1959 SN - 0022-3751 (Print) 0022-3751 (Linking) SP - 127-60 ST - The influence of potassium and chloride ions on the membrane potential of single muscle fibres T2 - The Journal of physiology TI - The influence of potassium and chloride ions on the membrane potential of single muscle fibres UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14402240 VL - 148 ID - 36 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The effect of increased impulse activity upon voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents was studied in the cell body of a crayfish phasic motoneuron using two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. Increased electrical activity in this relatively inactive motoneuron produces a short-term and long-term reduction in the voltage-dependent Ca2+ current. Both forms of activity-dependent reduction in Ca2+ current are Ca2+ dependent. The short-term reduction in Ca2+ current appears to involve the Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of Ca2+ channels, previously described in a variety of neurons. The long-term reduction in Ca2+ current is produced by prolonged Ca2+ influx and persists for days: in vivo stimulation of the phasic motor axon at 5 Hz for 1 hr results in a 30% reduction in Ca2+ current density, which persists for at least 3 d. Both the short-term and long-term reductions in Ca2+ current appear to result from changes in a single type of high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ channel. Inhibition of protein synthesis attenuates the long-term reduction in Ca2+ current and has no effect upon the short-term Ca2+ current reduction. During the long-term reduction in Ca2+ current, it appears that Ca2+ channels located distant to the site of Ca2+ influx are affected. The relationship of these results to a previously described Ca(2+)-dependent reduction in transmitter release is discussed. AD - Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, SUNY 12222, USA. AN - 7751929 AU - Hong, S. J. AU - Lnenicka, G. A. DA - May ET - 1995/05/01 J2 - J Neurosci KW - Animals Astacoidea Axons/drug effects/physiology Cadmium/pharmacology Calcium/pharmacology Calcium Channels/drug effects/*physiology Cycloheximide/pharmacology Electric Stimulation Motor Neurons/drug effects/*physiology Patch-Clamp Techniques Synapses/physiology Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://3516616717/Hong-1995-Activity-dependent reduction in volt.pdf LA - eng M1 - 5 Pt 1 M3 - Comparative Study In Vitro Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. N1 - Hong, S J Lnenicka, G A J Neurosci. 1995 May;15(5 Pt 1):3539-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7751929 http://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/5/3539.full.pdf PY - 1995 SN - 0270-6474 (Print) 0270-6474 (Linking) SP - 3539-47 ST - Activity-dependent reduction in voltage-dependent calcium current in a crayfish motoneuron T2 - The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience TI - Activity-dependent reduction in voltage-dependent calcium current in a crayfish motoneuron UR - http://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/5/3539.short VL - 15 ID - 37 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two-pore-domain K(+) (K(2P)) channel subunits are made up of four transmembrane segments and two pore-forming domains that are arranged in tandem and function as either homo- or heterodimeric channels. This structural motif is associated with unusual gating properties, including background channel activity and sensitivity to membrane stretch. Moreover, K(2P) channels are modulated by a variety of cellular lipids and pharmacological agents, including polyunsaturated fatty acids and volatile general anaesthetics. Recent in vivo studies have demonstrated that TREK1, the most thoroughly studied K(2P) channel, has a key role in the cellular mechanisms of neuroprotection, anaesthesia, pain and depression. AD - Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 6097, Universite de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France. honore@ipmc.cnrs.fr AN - 17375039 AU - Honoré, E. DA - Apr DO - 10.1038/nrn2117 J2 - Nature reviews. Neuroscience KW - Anesthetics/pharmacology Animals Humans Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology Pain/physiopathology Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain/drug effects/genetics/*physiology M1 - 4 N1 - Honore, Eric eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review England 2007/03/22 09:00 Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Apr;8(4):251-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17375039 PY - 2007 SN - 1471-003X (Print) 1471-003X (Linking) SP - 251-61 ST - The neuronal background K2P channels: Focus on TREK1 T2 - Nature Reviews Neuroscience TI - The neuronal background K2P channels: Focus on TREK1 VL - 8 ID - 141 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Hoyle, G. CY - New York PB - John Wiley and Sons PY - 1983 SP - 483-525 ST - Muscles and their Neural Control TI - Muscles and their Neural Control ID - 250 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The short-term function of motor neurons is to integrate synaptic inputs converging onto the somato-dendritic membrane and to transform the net synaptic drive into spike trains. A set of voltage-gated ion channels determines the electro-responsiveness and thereby the motor neuron's input-output function. In addition, several of the decisive ion channels are transmitter controlled, which results in a flexible control of the input-output relationship. AD - Copenhagen University, Denmark. AN - 1282406 AU - Hultborn, H. AU - Kiehn, O. DA - Dec DO - 10.1016/0959-4388(92)90132-5 ET - 1992/12/01 J2 - Curr Opin Neurobiol KW - Animals Brachyura/physiology Cell Membrane/*physiology Ion Channel Gating Ion Channels/physiology Locomotion/physiology Membrane Potentials Motor Neurons/*physiology/ultrastructure Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology Serotonin/physiology Synapses/physiology Vertebrates/*physiology LA - eng M1 - 6 M3 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review N1 - Hultborn, H Kiehn, O ENGLAND Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1992 Dec;2(6):770-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1282406 PY - 1992 SN - 0959-4388 (Print) 0959-4388 (Linking) SP - 770-5 ST - Neuromodulation of vertebrate motor neuron membrane properties T2 - Current opinion in neurobiology TI - Neuromodulation of vertebrate motor neuron membrane properties VL - 2 ID - 38 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since Hodgkin and Huxley discovered the potassium current that underlies the falling phase of action potentials in the squid giant axon, the diversity of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels has been manifested in multiple ways. The large and extended potassium channel family is evolutionarily conserved molecularly and functionally. Alternative splicing and RNA editing of Kv channel genes diversify the channel property and expression level. The mix-and-match of subunits in a Kv channel that contains four similar or identical pore-forming subunits and additional auxiliary subunits further diversify Kv channels. Moreover, targeting of different Kv channels to specific subcellular compartments and local translation of Kv channel mRNA in neuronal processes diversify axonal and dendritic action potentials and influence how synaptic plasticity may be modulated. As one indication of the evolutionary conservation of Kv1 channel functions, mutations of the Shaker potassium channel gene in Drosophila and the KCNA1 gene for its mammalian orthologue, Kv1.1, cause hyperexcitability near axon branch points and nerve terminals, thereby leading to uncontrolled movements and recapitulating the episodic ataxia-1 (EA1) symptoms in human patients. AD - Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Lily.Jan@ucsf.edu AN - 22431339 AU - Jan, L. Y. AU - Jan, Y. N. C2 - 3424718 DA - Jun 1 DO - 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224212 J2 - The Journal of physiology KW - Animals Evolution, Molecular Genetic Variation Hippocampus/physiology Humans Neurons/physiology Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/*physiology M1 - Pt 11 N1 - Jan, Lily Yeh Jan, Yuh Nung eng MH065334/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review England 2012/03/21 06:00 J Physiol. 2012 Jun 1;590(Pt 11):2591-9. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224212. Epub 2012 Mar 19. PY - 2012 SN - 1469-7793 (Electronic) 0022-3751 (Linking) SP - 2591-9 ST - Voltage-gated potassium channels and the diversity of electrical signalling T2 - J Physiol TI - Voltage-gated potassium channels and the diversity of electrical signalling UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22431339 VL - 590 ID - 294 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Principles of signal transmission in nervous systems are commonly demonstrated in the undergraduate neuroscience laboratory through extracellular recording of nerve and muscle action potentials. Here we describe the construction of a simple suction electrode that we use routinely in our laboratory classes for nerve recording and stimulation. The electrode parts are relatively inexpensive, easily available from established scientific and electronic distributors and local hardware stores, and the electrode is resilient to student handling. Our undergraduate students use this electrode design for high resolution, extracellular recordings of action potentials from crayfish motor and sensory nerves and insect muscle, and for stimulation of crustacean and insect motor nerves. AD - Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; AN - 23493751 AU - Johnson, B. R. AU - Hauptman, S. A. AU - Bonow, R. H. C2 - 3592669 DA - Fall M1 - 1 N1 - Johnson, Bruce R Hauptman, Stephen A Bonow, Robert H eng 2007/10/01 00:00 J Undergrad Neurosci Educ. 2007 Fall;6(1):A21-6. Epub 2007 Oct 15. PY - 2007 SN - 1544-2896 (Electronic) 1544-2896 (Linking) SP - A21-6 ST - Construction of a simple suction electrode for extracellular recording and stimulation T2 - Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education TI - Construction of a simple suction electrode for extracellular recording and stimulation UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493751 VL - 6 ID - 144 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 1. In the pyloric network of the lobster stomatogastric ganglion, graded synapses organize the network output. The amines dopamine (DA), serotonin, and octopamine each elicit a distinctive motor pattern from a quiescent pyloric network. We have examined the effects of these amines on the graded synaptic strengths between the six major types of neurons of this network to understand how amine modulation of synaptic strength contributes to the amine-induced motor patterns. Here we tested amine affects at 10 different graded chemical synapses of the pyloric network. We show that each amine has a statistically different spectrum of distributed effects across the network synapses. 2. Under our control conditions (isolated pairs of neurons, removal of modulatory input), most of the graded chemical synapses were weak and some synapses were nonfunctional. The output synapses of the ventricular dilator (VD) neuron were significantly stronger than the other synapses. 3. DA altered the synaptic strength of every graded chemical synapse. This amine strengthened the weak chemical output synapses of the anterior burster (AB), lateral pyloric (LP), and pyloric constrictor (PY) neurons and weakened (and in some cases abolished) the strong chemical output synapses of the VD neuron. The AB-->inferior cardiac neuron (IC) and PY-->IC graded chemical synapses were nonfunctional under our control conditions; DA activated these silent synapses. 4. Serotonin enhanced the AB's output chemical synapses but weakened all the other graded chemical synapses examined. Octopamine's effects were much weaker than those of the other two amines. It enhanced the AB-->LP synapse and the LP's output synapses and weakly strengthened the AB-->PY, VD-->LP, and VD-->PY synapses. 5. The amines alter the input resistance of many of the pyloric neurons, and this could contribute to the observed changes in synaptic strength by altering passive current flow between input and output sites in the cells. However, the input resistance changes were relatively small compared with the changes in synaptic strength and cannot alone account for the synaptic modulation. In some cases the sign of the input resistance change was inconsistent with the change in synaptic strength. Thus the amines appear to modify synaptic transmission directly in this system. 6. This study completes our description of amine effects on all the graded synapses of the pyloric network. We summarize our present and earlier work to show that modulators can reconfigure the entire synaptic organization of a neural network by acting at many distributed synaptic sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) AD - Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, USA. AN - 7472345 AU - Johnson, B. R. AU - Peck, J. H. AU - Harris-Warrick, R. M. DA - Jul ET - 1995/07/01 J2 - J Neurophysiol KW - Analysis of Variance Animals Biogenic Monoamines/*physiology Dopamine/physiology Ganglia, Invertebrate/cytology/*physiology Membrane Potentials/drug effects/physiology Microelectrodes Nephropidae/*physiology Neurons/*physiology Octopamine/physiology Pylorus/innervation/physiology Serotonin/physiology Synapses/drug effects/physiology Synaptic Transmission/*physiology Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology LA - eng M1 - 1 M3 - In Vitro Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. N1 - Johnson, B R Peck, J H Harris-Warrick, R M NS-07859/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ NS-17323/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ J Neurophysiol. 1995 Jul;74(1):437-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7472345 PY - 1995 SN - 0022-3077 (Print) 0022-3077 (Linking) SP - 437-52 ST - Distributed amine modulation of graded chemical transmission in the pyloric network of the lobster stomatogastric ganglion T2 - Journal of neurophysiology TI - Distributed amine modulation of graded chemical transmission in the pyloric network of the lobster stomatogastric ganglion UR - http://jn.physiology.org/content/74/1/437.long VL - 74 ID - 39 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The giant alga Chara corallina generates action potentials (APs) in response to mechanical stimulation, injury, or direct electrical stimulation. Students examine the waveform characteristics of these APs using standard intracellular recording techniques. Intracellular recording is easier than with neurons because of the large size of the Chara cell. Students observe very negative resting potentials (up to -250 mV), large AP amplitudes with depolarizing peaks approaching 0 mV, AP durations of seconds, and refractory periods up to several minutes. Students calculate Nernst potentials for the ions distributed across the Chara cell membrane to hypothesize the ions responsible for the resting potential and for the depolarizing phase of the AP. These calculations suggest that K(+) is responsible for the resting potential and that Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) efflux are responsible for depolarizing phases of the AP, which they are. Comparison of the Chara AP characteristics with animal neuron and muscle APs reinforces understanding of mechanisms of excitability in animals, demonstrates that multiple solutions exist for action potential generation, and leads to discussion of the evolution of ion channels and excitability. AD - Departments of Neurobiology and Behavior, S.G. Mudd Hall and. AN - 23493389 AU - Johnson, B. R. AU - Wyttenbach, R. A. AU - Wayne, R. AU - Hoy, R. R. C2 - 3592585 DA - Fall M1 - 1 N1 - Johnson, Bruce R Wyttenbach, Robert A Wayne, Randy Hoy, Ronald R eng 2002/10/01 00:00 J Undergrad Neurosci Educ. 2002 Fall;1(1):A23-7. Epub 2002 Oct 15. PY - 2002 SN - 1544-2896 (Electronic) 1544-2896 (Linking) SP - A23-7 ST - Action potentials in a giant algal cell: A comparative approach to mechanisms and evolution of excitability T2 - Journal of undergraduate neuroscience education TI - Action potentials in a giant algal cell: A comparative approach to mechanisms and evolution of excitability UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493389 VL - 1 ID - 134 ER - TY - JOUR AB - One of the oldest questions of electrophysiology, the origin of the resting potential, has yet to be answered satisfactorily for most cells. Isolated frog sympathetic neurons, studied with whole-cell recording, generally have resting potentials of approximately -75 mV with an input resistance of approximately 300 M omega. These properties are not expected from the M-type K+ current (IM) or from other ionic currents previously described in these cells. In the -60 to -110 M mV voltage region, at least three currents are present: an inwardly rectifying current (IQ), a resting current with little voltage sensitivity carried at least in part by K+, and a (Na+,K+)ATPase pump current. The resting K+ current, not IM or IQ is the primary ionic current near the resting potential under these conditions. The electrogenic pump contributes an additional approximately 10 mV of hyperpolarization. AD - Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106. AN - 2560389 AU - Jones, S. W. DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/0896-6273(89)90028-7 ET - 1989/08/01 J2 - Neuron KW - Animals Calcium/metabolism/physiology Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology Cell Separation Ganglia, Sympathetic/cytology/metabolism/*physiology Membrane Potentials/physiology Microelectrodes Neurons/cytology/metabolism/*physiology Potassium/metabolism/physiology Rana catesbeiana Rana pipiens Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/physiology LA - eng M1 - 2 M3 - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. N1 - Jones, S W NS 24471/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ Neuron. 1989 Aug;3(2):153-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2560389 PY - 1989 SN - 0896-6273 (Print) 0896-6273 (Linking) SP - 153-61 ST - On the resting potential of isolated frog sympathetic neurons T2 - Neuron TI - On the resting potential of isolated frog sympathetic neurons VL - 3 ID - 40 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Junge, D. CY - Sunderland MA N1 - http://books.google.com/books?id=RktRAAAAMAAJ PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 1981 SN - 9780878934102 SP - 2-7 ST - Nerve and Muscle Excitation TI - Nerve and Muscle Excitation ID - 194 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Kandel, E.R. AU - Schwartz, J.H. AU - Jessell, T.M. AU - Siegelbaum, S.A. AU - Hudspeth, A.J. ET - 5 PB - McGraw Hill PY - 2013 SE - 21-22, 35-36 SN - 9780071390118 ST - Principles of Neural Science TI - Principles of Neural Science UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=s64z-LdAIsEC ID - 247 ER - TY - JOUR AB - When an internodal cell of Chara corallina was stimulated with a mechanical pulse of various amplitudes lasting for 0.1 s (mechanical stimulus), the cell generated a receptor potential, which was highly dependent not only on the strength of the stimulus but also on the extracellular Cl- concentration. Extracellular Ca2+ was indispensable for generating receptor potential, since removal of Ca2+ reversibly inhibited generation of the receptor potential. The cytoplasmic Ca2+ level transiently rose upon mechanical stimulation. The stronger the mechanical stimulus, the larger was the increase in the cytoplasmic level of Ca2+. It is proposed that the first step of receptor potential is an activation of mechanosensitive Ca2+ channels at the plasma membrane. AD - Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan. AN - 15659450 AU - Kaneko, T. AU - Saito, C. AU - Shimmen, T. AU - Kikuyama, M. DA - Jan DO - 10.1093/pcp/pci004 ET - 2005/01/22 J2 - Plant Cell Physiol KW - Calcium Channels/*metabolism Cell Membrane/metabolism Chara/*metabolism Mechanotransduction, Cellular Membrane Potentials L1 - internal-pdf://3006968069/Kaneko-2005-Possible involvement of mechanosen.pdf LA - eng M1 - 1 N1 - Kaneko, Toshiyuki Saito, Chiyuki Shimmen, Teruo Kikuyama, Munehiro Japan Plant Cell Physiol. 2005 Jan;46(1):130-5. Epub 2005 Jan 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15659450 http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/46/1/130.full.pdf PY - 2005 SN - 0032-0781 (Print) 0032-0781 (Linking) SP - 130-5 ST - Possible involvement of mechanosensitive Ca2+ channels of plasma membrane in mechanoperception in Chara T2 - Plant & cell physiology TI - Possible involvement of mechanosensitive Ca2+ channels of plasma membrane in mechanoperception in Chara VL - 46 ID - 41 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Katz, B. CY - New York PB - McGraw-Hill PY - 1966 SP - 17-19 ST - Nerve, Muscle, and Synapse TI - Nerve, Muscle, and Synapse ID - 260 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 5958371 AU - Kennedy, D. AU - Evoy, W. H. AU - Fields, H. L. ET - 1966/01/01 J2 - Symp Soc Exp Biol KW - Animals Axons/physiology Crustacea Electrophysiology Motor Neurons/*physiology Movement/*physiology Muscles/physiology *Neural Conduction *Reflex LA - eng N1 - Kennedy, D Evoy, W H Fields, H L ENGLAND Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1966;20:75-109. PY - 1966 SN - 0081-1386 (Print) 0081-1386 (Linking) SP - 75-109 ST - The unit basis of some crustacean reflexes T2 - Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology TI - The unit basis of some crustacean reflexes UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5958371 VL - 20 ID - 43 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kennedy, Donald AU - Takeda, Kimihisa M1 - 2 PY - 1965 SN - 0022-0949 SP - 221-227 ST - Reflex control of abdominal flexor muscles in the crayfish I. The twitch system T2 - Journal of Experimental Biology TI - Reflex control of abdominal flexor muscles in the crayfish I. The twitch system UR - http://jeb.biologists.org/content/43/2/211.full.pdf VL - 43 ID - 183 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kennedy, Donald AU - Takeda, Kimihisa M1 - 2 PY - 1965 SN - 0022-0949 SP - 229-246 ST - Reflex control of abdominal flexor muscles in the crayfish II. The tonic system T2 - Journal of Experimental Biology TI - Reflex control of abdominal flexor muscles in the crayfish II. The tonic system UR - http://jeb.biologists.org/content/43/2/229.full.pdf VL - 43 ID - 185 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kerkut, G. A. AU - Gardner, D. R. DO - 10.1016/0010-406X(67)90730-X M1 - 1 N1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010406X6790730X PY - 1967 SN - 0010-406X SP - 147-162 ST - The role of calcium ions in the action potentials of Helix aspersa neurones T2 - Comparative biochemistry and physiology TI - The role of calcium ions in the action potentials of Helix aspersa neurones VL - 20 ID - 52 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Abstracto1. More than 100 different neurones have been investigated in three suboesophageal ganglia (left parietal, visceral and right parietal ganglia) of the snail Helix aspersa. 2. Diagrams and photographs of the ganglia are presented so that the cells may be identified and localized. 3. The responses following stimulation of the main peripheral nerve trunks are analysed and described, in terms of EPSP, IPSP and antidromic potentials. 4. The cells' responses to iontophoretic application of acetylcholine, dopamine, 5-HT and glutamate are described. The majority of responses to the drugs are as follows: H to ACh; H to dopamine; H to 5-HT and D to glutamate. 5. The anatomical position, spontaneous electrical activity and responses to stimulation of the main peripheral nerves and drug application make it possible to identify specific nerve cells from preparation to preparation. 6. The axons from some cells have been traced following intracellular injections of CoCl2 and precipitation of CoS. This supported the electrophysiological method of tracing axons by recording antidromic spikes in the cell body following stimulation of a peripheral nerve. 7. It is suggested that some of the nerve cells will be homologous with other nerve cells throughout the Gastropod Molluscs. AU - Kerkut, G. A. AU - Lambert, J. D. C. AU - Gayton, R. J. AU - Loker, Janet E. AU - Walker, R. J. DO - 10.1016/S0010-406X(75)80194-0 M1 - 1 N1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010406X75801940 PY - 1975 SN - 0300-9629 SP - 147-162 ST - Mapping of nerve cells in the suboesophageal ganglia of Helix aspersa T2 - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology TI - Mapping of nerve cells in the suboesophageal ganglia of Helix aspersa VL - 50 ID - 54 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 1. 1. If sodium ions are injected at the rate of 4¬∑4 mM/min into a snail neurone, there is an increase in the membrane potential by about 30 mV in 10 min. 2. 2. This marked hyperpolarization is not brought about if potassium ions are injected instead. 3. 3. The hyperpolarization is inhibited by ouabain, parachloromercuribenzoate or reduction in the potassium concentration. 4. 4. It is concluded that the hyperpolarization is due to the stimulation of an electrogenic sodium pump in the nerve cell. AU - Kerkut, G. A. AU - Thomas, R. C. DO - 10.1016/0010-406X(65)90017-4 M1 - 1 N1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010406X65900174 PY - 1965 SN - 0010-406X SP - 167-183 ST - An electrogenic sodium pump in snail nerve cells T2 - Comparative biochemistry and physiology TI - An electrogenic sodium pump in snail nerve cells VL - 14 ID - 53 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Temporal relationship between the action potential and the change in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration was investigated in cells of four species of Characeae, Chara corallina, Nitellopsis obtusa, Nitella flexilis and Nitella axilliformis. The Ca2+ transient was detected by light emission from Ca2+-sensitive photoprotein aequorin injected into the cytoplasm. Action potential was triggered by an outward or sometimes inward electric current pulse of 20‚Äì50 ms in most cases. In all species the action potential started at almost the same time as the time at which the light emission from aequorin began to increase. Also the peak of action potential almost coincided with that of light emission, which is in contrast with the slower Ca2+ transient in Chara reported by Thiel et al. [(1997) J. Exp. Bot. 48: 609]. A discussion was made on the origin of Ca2+ transient and the ionic processes during membrane excitation. AU - Kikuyama, Munehiro AU - Tazawa, Masashi M1 - 12 PY - 1998 SP - 1359-1366 ST - Temporal relationship between action potential and Ca2+ transient in characean cells T2 - Plant and Cell Physiology TI - Temporal relationship between action potential and Ca2+ transient in characean cells UR - http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/12/1359 VL - 39 ID - 55 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Reduced systems such as brain slices offer a powerful approach to study the physiology of auditory neurons in great detail. However, when studying auditory nuclei in reduced systems such as brain slices, especially highly active auditory brain stem nuclei, one has to be aware that the unphysiological lack of activity in the reduced system compared to the in-vivo situation has a number of important effects on the neurons under investigation, and thus on the data that are measured. Most importantly, the lack of chronic activity in the slice preparation has important effects on the properties of short-term plasticity of the synapses. The main purpose of this article is to discuss how spontaneous activity in auditory neurons, or the lack thereof, can affect the data measured. AD - Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Denver, PO Box 6511, MS 8307, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Achim.klug@ucdenver.edu AN - 21640177 AU - Klug, A. DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/j.heares.2011.05.011 J2 - Hearing research KW - Animals Auditory Pathways/*physiology Brain Stem/*physiology Calcium/metabolism Electrophysiology/methods Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology Humans Models, Biological Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology Neurons/metabolism Synapses/*physiology Synaptic Transmission/*physiology M1 - 1-2 N1 - Klug, Achim eng Review Netherlands 2011/06/07 06:00 Hear Res. 2011 Sep;279(1-2):51-9. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2011.05.011. Epub 2011 May 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21640177 PY - 2011 SN - 1878-5891 (Electronic) 0378-5955 (Linking) SP - 51-9 ST - Short-term synaptic plasticity in the auditory brain stem by using in-vivo-like stimulation parameters T2 - Hear Res TI - Short-term synaptic plasticity in the auditory brain stem by using in-vivo-like stimulation parameters VL - 279 ID - 127 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Kandel, E.R. A2 - Schwartz, J.H. A2 - Jessell, T.M. A2 - Siegelbaum, S.A. A2 - Hudspeth, A.J. AU - Koester, J. AU - Siegelbaum, S.A. CY - Newark ET - 5 N1 - pp. 126-147 PB - McGraw Hill PY - 2013 SE - 6 SN - 9780071390118 ST - Membrane potential and the passive electrical properties of the neuron T2 - Principles of Neural Science TI - Membrane potential and the passive electrical properties of the neuron UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=s64z-LdAIsEC ID - 175 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Salánki, J. AU - Kostyuk, P.G. CY - New York N1 - (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia) Reprinted 2012 by Springer US ISBN 1461586208, 9781461586203 PB - Plenum Press PY - 1968 RN - [Reprinted 2012 by Springer, ISBN 1461586208] SP - 145-167 ST - Ionic background of activity in giant neurons of molluscs T2 - Neurobiology of Invertebrates TI - Ionic background of activity in giant neurons of molluscs UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=19tIcgAACAAJ ID - 270 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Transplantation of whole ganglia was used to study the regeneration of four of the neurons that innervate the superficial flexor muscles of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The isolated ganglia containing the somas of these neurons were successfully transplanted from one crayfish to another. Reinnervation proceeded across the muscle surface and by 8 to 10 weeks connections were detected across the entire target field. At different time periods after the transplant, junction potentials (JPs) produced in phase with spontaneous neuronal spikes were recorded. The distribution of JP sizes and their decay times were examined. JPs from transplanted preparations were smaller than JPs from control or normal regeneration animals. These JPs also failed to facilitate when stimulated at 1 and 10 Hz. These are normal characteristics of immature terminals, but in the transplant preparations, once established, they remained stable for the duration of the study. Thus, synaptogenesis appears to be arrested at a stage before synaptic efficacy is established in the allotransplants. In addition, connectivity maps were plotted for each axon over the muscle surface. Some muscle fibers did not receive any contacts, and overall innervation leveled off at around 60% of the muscle fibers, remaining stable for the duration of this study. Despite the incomplete physiological innervation, however, three of the four neurons showed the same medial/lateral preferences observed in control animals, regenerating their original patterns of connectivity across the muscle surface. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. AU - Krause, Kristin M. AU - Vélez, Samuel J. DO - 10.1002/neu.480270204 KW - ganglia allotransplants crustaceans regeneration junction potential M1 - 2 N1 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480270204 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/neu.480270204/abstract PY - 1995 SN - 1097-4695 SP - 154-171 ST - Regeneration of neuromuscular connections in crayfish allotransplanted neurons T2 - Journal of neurobiology TI - Regeneration of neuromuscular connections in crayfish allotransplanted neurons VL - 27 ID - 56 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Neurologic dysfunction due to natural neurotoxins is an important, but neglected, public health hazard in many parts of the world, particularly in the tropics. These toxins are produced by or found among a variety of live forms that include venomous snakes, arthropods such as scorpions, spiders, centipedes, stinging insects (Hymenoptera), ticks, certain poisonous fish, shellfish, crabs, cone shells, skin secretions of dart-poison frogs, and bacterial poisons such as botulinum toxin. These toxins commonly act on neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction where acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter, but in certain situations the toxins interfere with neurotransmitters such as GABA, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyrate. Of the toxins, alpha-toxins and kappa-toxins (e.g., Chinese krait, Bungarus multicinctus) act on the postsynaptic membrane, blocking the receptors, whilst beta-toxin (e.g., common krait, B. caeruleus) acts on the presynaptic membrane, causing impairment of acetylcholine release. Conversely, dendrotoxins of the African mamba enhance acetylcholine release. The toxins of scorpions and spiders commonly interfere with voltage-gated ion channels. Clinically, the cardinal manifestation is muscle paralysis. In severe cases respiratory paralysis could be fatal. Effective antivenoms are the mainstay of treatment of envenoming, but their lack of availability is the major concern in the regions of the globe where they are desperately needed. Interestingly, some toxins have proved to be valuable pharmaceutical agents, while some others are widely exploited to study neuromuscular physiology and pathology. AD - Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: samkul@sltnet.lk. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka. AN - 24365366 AU - Kularatne, S. A. AU - Senanayake, N. DO - 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4087-0.00066-8 J2 - Handbook of clinical neurology KW - Animals Humans Nervous System Diseases/*etiology Scorpion Stings/*complications Snake Bites/*complications Spider Bites/*complications Venoms/*toxicity N1 - Kularatne, S A M Senanayake, Nimal eng Review Netherlands 2013/12/25 06:00 Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;120:987-1001. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4087-0.00066-8. PY - 2014 SN - 0072-9752 (Print) 0072-9752 (Linking) SP - 987-1001 ST - Venomous snake bites, scorpions, and spiders T2 - Handb Clin Neurol TI - Venomous snake bites, scorpions, and spiders UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24365366 VL - 120 ID - 302 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; AU - Land, B.R. AU - Johnson, B. R. AU - Wyttenbach, R.A. AU - Hoy, R. R. DA - Fall M1 - 1 N1 - PMID: 23493817 [PubMed] PMCID: PMC3592603 PY - 2007 SN - 1544-2896 (Electronic) 1544-2896 (Linking) SP - A30-35 ST - Tools for physiology labs: Inexpensive equipment for physiological stimulation T2 - Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education TI - Tools for physiology labs: Inexpensive equipment for physiological stimulation UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493817 VL - 3 ID - 259 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The cost of electronic equipment can be a critical barrier to including neurophysiology exercises in biology teaching programs. We describe the construction of a simple and inexpensive AC preamplifier with performance comparable to that of commercial products. The amplifier consists of two integrated circuits in five stages: differential input, fixed gain, variable gain (100 or 1000), low-pass filter (5 or 20 kHz), and 50 or 60 Hz notch filter. We compared our amplifier with two commercial units, the A-M Systems Model 1700 and the Grass P15. The quality of extracellular recording from a typical student preparation (spontaneously active crayfish motor nerve) was the same for all three amplifiers, although our amplifier has slightly higher internal noise than the P15 and slightly lower common-mode rejection than the 1700 and P15. In addition, we describe a simple suction electrode for extracellular nerve recording. It is easily constructed from readily available materials and uses a disposable plastic pipette tip, instead of the traditional glass tip, to contact the nerve. This tip is easily replaced if broken or clogged, and can be adapted to different recording conditions by selecting a different tip size or stretching the plastic. Development of this equipment is part of an ongoing project to promote neuroscience education by expanding the neurophysiology options available to laboratory instructors. AU - Land, Bruce R. AU - Wyttenbach, Robert A. AU - Johnson, Bruce R. DO - 10.1016/S0165-0270(01)00328-4 KW - Electrophysiology Neurophysiology Nerve Muscle M1 - 1 N1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165027001003284 PY - 2001 SN - 0165-0270 SP - 47-55 ST - Tools for physiology labs: An inexpensive high-performance amplifier and electrode for extracellular recording T2 - Journal of Neuroscience Methods TI - Tools for physiology labs: An inexpensive high-performance amplifier and electrode for extracellular recording VL - 106 ID - 57 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The interneurons that underlie abdominal flexion and extension behaviors in crustaceans were among the first to be called command neurons. They fit the original operational definition as cells that produce a well-defined movement or behavior when stimulated. Many examples of these cells are now known to influence behaviors throughout the animal kingdom. The early observation that stimulation of a single command neuron in a crustacean was sufficient to generate an apparently complete behavior led to the erroneous belief that one neuron might be responsible for one behavior. We now know that the strong stimulation of one command element is sufficient to recruit synaptically a group of similar neurons. In addition to the synaptic recruitment of agonists there is also a synaptic inhibition of their antagonists, resulting in what appears to be a complete behavior with reciprocity. Importantly, there is also evidence for the operation of similar functional groups in behaving animals. During animal-initiated behavior, each neuron in the functional group apparently makes only a minor contribution to the total motor output with the result that no single neuron in the group is necessary to generate the behavior. If the necessity criterion is a requirement to define a command neuron, then abdominal positioning interneurons can no longer be considered command neurons. Instead, they are cells with lesser roles, perhaps command elements in larger command systems. In spite of their diminished status, command elements occupy key positions in this and other motor systems. AU - Larimer, James L. DO - 10.1016/0166-2236(88)90013-6 M1 - 11 N1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0166223688900136 PY - 1988 SN - 0166-2236 SP - 506-510 ST - The command hypothesis: A new view using an old example T2 - Trends in neurosciences TI - The command hypothesis: A new view using an old example VL - 11 ID - 58 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Crustaceans have been used extensively as models for studying the nervous system. Members of the Order Decapoda, particularly the larger species such as lobsters and crayfish, have large segmented abdomens that are positioned by tonic flexor and extensor muscles. Importantly, the innervation of these tonic muscles is known in some detail. Each abdominal segment in crayfish is innervated bilaterally by three sets of nerves. The anterior pair of nerves in each ganglion controls the swimmeret appendages and sensory supply. The middle pair of nerves innervates the tonic extensor muscles and the regional sensory supply. The superficial branch of the most posterior pair of nerves in each ganglion is exclusively motor and supplies the tonic flexor muscles of that segment. The extension and flexion motor nerves contain six motor neurons, each of which is different in axonal diameter and thus produces impulses of different amplitude. Motor programs controlling each muscle can be characterized by the identifiable motor neurons that are activated. Early work in this field discovered that specific central interneurons control the abdominal positioning motor neurons. These interneurons were first referred to as “command neurons” and later as “command elements.” Stimulation of an appropriate command element causes a complex, widespread output involving dozens of motor neurons. The output can be patterned even though the stimulus to the command element is of constant interval. The command elements are identifiable cells. When a stimulus is repeated in a command element, from either the same individual or from different individuals, the output is substantially the same. This outcome depends upon several factors. First, the command elements are not only identifiable, but they make many synapses with other neurons, and the synapses are substantially invariant. There are separate flexion-producing and extension-producing command elements. Abdominal flexion-producing command elements excite other flexion elements and inhibit extensor command elements. The extension producing elements do the opposite. These interactions insure that interneurons of a particular class (flexion- or extension-producing) synaptically recruit perhaps twenty others of similar output, and that command elements promoting the opposing movements are inhibited. This strong reciprocity and the recruitment of similar command elements give a powerful motor program that appears to mimic behavior. Microsc. Res. Tech. 60:346–359, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. AU - Larimer, James L. AU - Moore, Darrell DO - 10.1002/jemt.10273 KW - motor control crustaceans command elements command system M1 - 3 PY - 2003 SN - 1097-0029 SP - 346-359 ST - Neural basis of a simple behavior: Abdominal positioning in crayfish T2 - Microscopy Research and Technique TI - Neural basis of a simple behavior: Abdominal positioning in crayfish VL - 60 ID - 59 ER - TY - JOUR AB - For insect ganglia, Altman (A dvances in Physiological Science, Vol. 23. Neurobiology of Invertebrates. New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 537–555, '81) proposed that individual neuropils control different motor activities. A corollary of this hypothesis is that motor neurons involved in many behavioral functions should branch in more neuropils than those active in fewer behaviors. In crayfish, the abdominal fast-flexor muscles are active only during the generation of the powerstroke for tailflips, whereas the slow-flexor muscles are involved in the maintenance of body posture. The slow flexors are thus active in many of the crayfish's behavioral activities. To test the generality of Altman's idea, we filled groups of crayfish fast-flexor and slow-flexors were motor neurons with cobalt chloride and described their shapes with respect to the ganglionic structures through which they pass. Individual fast flexors were also filled intracellularly with HRP. Ganglia containing well-filled neurons were osmicated, embedded in plastec, and sectioned. Unstained sections were examined by light microscopy and pertinent sections were photographed. We found that the paths of the larger neurites were invariant, that the dendritic domains of fast and slow motor neurons occupied distinctive sets of neuropils, and that dendrites of slow motor neurons branched in more ganglionic structures than did those of fast motor neurons. These results are consistent with Altman's hypothesis. AU - Leise, Esther M. AU - Hall, Wendy M. AU - Mulloney, Brian DO - 10.1002/cne.902530104 KW - axon tract backfill commissure neuropil motor neurons M1 - 1 N1 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902530104 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.902530104/abstract PY - 1986 SN - 1096-9861 SP - 25-45 ST - Functional organization of crayfish abdominal ganglia: I. The flexor systems T2 - The Journal of Comparative Neurology TI - Functional organization of crayfish abdominal ganglia: I. The flexor systems VL - 253 ID - 64 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The two-pore-domain K+ channels, or K2P channels, constitute a novel class of K+channel subunits. They have four transmembrane segments and are active as dimers. The tissue distribution of these channels is widespread, and they are found in both excitable and nonexcitable cells. K2P channels produce currents with unusual characteristics. They are quasi-instantaneous and noninactivating, and they are active at all membrane potentials and insensitive to the classic K+ channel blockers. These properties designate them as background K+ channels. They are expected to play a major role in setting the resting membrane potential in many cell types. Another salient feature of K2P channels is the diversity of their regulatory mechanisms. The weak inward rectifiers TWIK-1 and TWIK-2 are stimulated by activators of protein kinase C and decreased by internal acidification, the baseline TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ (TASK)-1 and TASK-2 channels are sensitive to external pH changes in a narrow range near physiological pH, and the TWIK-related (TREK)-1 and TWIK-related arachidonic acid-stimulated K+ (TRAAK) channels are the first cloned polyunsaturated fatty acids-activated and mechanogated K+ channels. The recent demonstration that TASK-1 and TREK-1 channels are activated by inhalational general anesthetics, and that TRAAK is activated by the neuroprotective agent riluzole, indicates that this novel class of K+ channels is an interesting target for new therapeutic developments. AU - Lesage, Florian AU - Lazdunski, Michel L1 - internal-pdf://0719885386/Lesage-2000-Molecular and functional propertie.pdf M1 - 5 PY - 2000 SP - F793-F801 ST - Molecular and functional properties of two-pore-domain potassium channels T2 - American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology TI - Molecular and functional properties of two-pore-domain potassium channels UR - http://ajprenal.physiology.org/content/ajprenal/279/5/F793.full.pdf VL - 279 ID - 63 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Levy, J. CY - Guilford CT PB - Globe Pequot Press PY - 2011 SN - 9780762770564 ST - Poison: An Illustrated History TI - Poison: An Illustrated History UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=uOyscQAACAAJ ID - 305 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Motor networks typically generate several related output patterns or gaits where individual neurons may be shared or recruited between patterns. We investigate how a vertebrate locomotor network is reconfigured to produce a second rhythmic motor pattern, defining the detailed pattern of neuronal recruitment and consequent changes in the mechanism for rhythm generation. Hatchling Xenopus tadpoles swim if touched, but when held make slower, stronger, struggling movements. In immobilized tadpoles, a brief current pulse to the skin initiates swimming, whereas 40 Hz pulses produce struggling. The classes of neurons active during struggling are defined using whole-cell patch recordings from hindbrain and spinal cord neurons during 40 Hz stimulation of the skin. Some motoneurons and inhibitory interneurons are active in both swimming and struggling, but more neurons are recruited within these classes during struggling. In addition, and in contrast to a previous study, we describe two new classes of excitatory interneuron specifically recruited during struggling and define their properties and synaptic connections. We then explore mechanisms that generate struggling by building a network model incorporating these new neurons. As well as the recruitment of new neuron classes, we show that reconfiguration of the locomotor network to the struggling central pattern generator (CPG) reveals a context-dependent synaptic depression of reciprocal inhibition: the result of increased inhibitory neuron firing frequency during struggling. This provides one possible mechanism for burst termination not seen in the swimming CPG. The direct demonstration of depression in reciprocal inhibition confirms a key element of Brown's (1911) hypothesis for locomotor rhythmogenesis. AD - School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom. AN - 17989292 AU - Li, W. C. AU - Sautois, B. AU - Roberts, A. AU - Soffe, S. R. DA - Nov 7 DO - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3694-07.2007 J2 - The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience KW - Animals Motor Neurons/cytology/*physiology Nerve Net/cytology/*physiology Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology Neurons/cytology/physiology Recruitment, Neurophysiological/*physiology Synapses/*physiology Xenopus M1 - 45 N1 - Li, Wen-Chang Sautois, Bart Roberts, Alan Soffe, Stephen R eng Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 2007/11/09 09:00 J Neurosci. 2007 Nov 7;27(45):12267-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17989292 PY - 2007 SN - 1529-2401 (Electronic) 0270-6474 (Linking) SP - 12267-76 ST - Reconfiguration of a vertebrate motor network: Specific neuron recruitment and context-dependent synaptic plasticity T2 - J Neurosci TI - Reconfiguration of a vertebrate motor network: Specific neuron recruitment and context-dependent synaptic plasticity VL - 27 ID - 272 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A central aim of neuroscience is to map neural circuits, in order to learn how they account for mental activities and behaviours and how alterations in them lead to neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, the methods that are currently available for visualizing circuits have severe limitations that make it extremely difficult to extract precise wiring diagrams from histological images. Here we review recent advances in this area, along with some of the opportunities that these advances present and the obstacles that remain. AD - Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. jeff@mcb.harvard.edu AN - 18446160 AU - Lichtman, J. W. AU - Livet, J. AU - Sanes, J. R. C2 - 2577038 DA - Jun DO - 10.1038/nrn2391 J2 - Nature reviews. Neuroscience KW - Animals Animals, Genetically Modified Brain/*physiology/ultrastructure Brain Mapping/*methods Coloring Agents/diagnostic use Humans Luminescent Proteins/diagnostic use/genetics Microscopy, Electron Neural Pathways/physiology/ultrastructure Neurons/physiology Neurosciences/*methods/*trends Staining and Labeling Transgenes M1 - 6 N1 - Lichtman, Jeff W Livet, Jean Sanes, Joshua R eng R01 NS020364-26/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ Review England 2008/05/01 09:00 Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Jun;9(6):417-22. doi: 10.1038/nrn2391. Epub 2008 Apr 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18446160 PY - 2008 RN - (For more examples, see cbs.fas.harvard.edu/science/connectome-project/brainbow.) SN - 1471-0048 (Electronic) 1471-003X (Linking) SP - 417-22 ST - A technicolour approach to the connectome T2 - Nat Rev Neurosci TI - A technicolour approach to the connectome VL - 9 ID - 159 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This article reviews the electroresponsive properties of single neurons in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). In some of these cells the ionic conductances responsible for their excitability also endow them with autorhythmic electrical oscillatory properties. Chemical or electrical synaptic contacts between these neurons often result in network oscillations. In such networks, autorhythmic neurons may act as true oscillators (as pacemakers) or as resonators (responding preferentially to certain firing frequencies). Oscillations and resonance in the CNS are proposed to have diverse functional roles, such as (i) determining global functional states (for example, sleep-wakefulness or attention), (ii) timing in motor coordination, and (iii) specifying connectivity during development. Also, oscillation, especially in the thalamo-cortical circuits, may be related to certain neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review proposes that the autorhythmic electrical properties of central neurons and their connectivity form the basis for an intrinsic functional coordinate system that provides internal context to sensory input. AU - Llinas, R. R. DO - 10.1126/science.3059497 M1 - 4886 N1 - http://www.sciencemag.org/content/242/4886/1654.abstract PY - 1988 SP - 1654-1664 ST - The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: Insights into central nervous system function T2 - Science TI - The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: Insights into central nervous system function VL - 242 ID - 62 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lnenicka, Gregory A. DO - 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25925.x M1 - 1 N1 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25925.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25925.x/abstract PY - 1991 SN - 1749-6632 SP - 197-211 ST - The role of activity in the development of phasic and tonic synaptic terminals T2 - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences TI - The role of activity in the development of phasic and tonic synaptic terminals VL - 627 ID - 61 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Loeb, G.E. AU - Gans, C CY - Chicago PB - University of Chicago Press PY - 1986 SP - 61, 71-76, 175-188 ST - Electromyography for Experimentalists TI - Electromyography for Experimentalists ID - 195 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Loeb, G.E. AU - Gans, C CY - Chicago PB - University of Chicago Press PY - 1986 SE - 2, 6, 12-13 ST - Electromyography for Experimentalists TI - Electromyography for Experimentalists ID - 262 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lunevsky, V. Z. AU - Zherelova, O. M. AU - Vostrikov, I. Y. AU - Berestovsky, G. N. DA - 1983/02/01 DO - 10.1007/bf01870313 J2 - J. Membrain Biol. KW - Characeae voltage clamp Ca2+ channel Cl‚àí channel ion selectivity ethacrynic acid LA - English M1 - 1-2 N1 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01870313 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01870313 PY - 1983 SN - 0022-2631 SP - 43-58 ST - Excitation of Characeae cell membranes as a result of activation of calcium and chloride channels T2 - The Journal of Membrane Biology TI - Excitation of Characeae cell membranes as a result of activation of calcium and chloride channels VL - 72 ID - 60 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Cowan, W Maxwell A2 - Südhof, Thomas C A2 - Stevens, Charles F AU - Malenka, R.C. AU - Siegelbaum, S.A. CY - Baltimore PB - The Johns Hopkins University Press PY - 2001 SE - 9 SN - 0801871182 ST - Synaptic plasticity: Diverse targets for regulating synaptic efficacy T2 - Synapses TI - Synaptic plasticity: Diverse targets for regulating synaptic efficacy ID - 224 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are expressed in cells throughout the body and give rise to leak potassium currents which control the excitability of these cells. Although not inhibited by classical potassium channel-blocking drugs, such as tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine, K2P channels are regulated by a diverse array of pharmacological mediators. There are six main families of K2P channels and among these certain members of the TREK family (ie, TREK-1 and TREK-2) are activated by general anesthetic agents such as halothane, xenon and nitrous oxide. In addition, all members of the TREK familyare activated by neuroprotective agents, such as riluzole, polyunsaturated fatty acids and lysophospholipids, suggesting that these channels play an important role in neuroprotection. TREK channels are also inhibited by chlorpromazine, local anesthetics and the antidepressant fluoxetine. Furthermore, all members of the TASK family are inhibited by cannabinoids and local anesthetics, and TASK-3 is selectively inhibited by ruthenium red. Thus, the diversity and physiological importance of K2P channels suggest that the development of selective compounds to target these proteins has therapeutic potential for CNS disorders such as stroke, depression and epilepsy. AD - The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Medway School of Pharmacy, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK. a.a.mathie@kent.ac.uk AN - 17659475 AU - Mathie, A. AU - Veale, E. L. DA - Jul ET - 2007/07/31 J2 - Curr Opin Investig Drugs KW - Anesthetics, General/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use Animals Central Nervous System Diseases/drug therapy/physiopathology Humans Molecular Structure Neuroprotective Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage/chemistry Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain/*agonists/*antagonists & inhibitors/physiology LA - eng M1 - 7 M3 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review N1 - Mathie, Alistair Veale, Emma L England London, England : 2000 Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Jul;8(7):555-62. PY - 2007 SN - 1472-4472 (Print) 1472-4472 (Linking) SP - 555-62 ST - Therapeutic potential of neuronal two-pore domain potassium-channel modulators T2 - Current opinion in investigational drugs TI - Therapeutic potential of neuronal two-pore domain potassium-channel modulators UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17659475 VL - 8 ID - 66 ER - TY - JOUR AU - McCarthy, B.J. AU - Daws, A. AU - Macmillan, D. L. DA - 2004/04/01 DO - 10.1007/s00359-003-0491-2 J2 - J Comp Physiol A KW - Cherax destructor Crayfish Hydrodynamics Muscle receptor organs Swimming LA - English M1 - 4 N1 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-003-0491-2 PY - 2004 SN - 0340-7594 SP - 291-299 ST - The activity of abdominal stretch receptors during non-giant swimming in the crayfish Cherax destructor and their role in hydrodynamic efficiency T2 - Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology TI - The activity of abdominal stretch receptors during non-giant swimming in the crayfish Cherax destructor and their role in hydrodynamic efficiency VL - 190 ID - 232 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A platform was lowered from beneath suspended crayfish, Cherax destructor, to evoke slow abdominal extension. The movements were filmed and the length between segments plotted as a function of time. Unlike abdominal flexion, which starts posteriorly and progresses anteriorly, extension occurs at all joints simultaneously. Although the duration of extension varied from trial to trial for an individual, the movement was organised in a stereotyped manner: the abdomen achieved a consistent position for any given proportion of the time for complete extension. We examined the role of the abdominal muscle receptor organs (MROs) in extension by cutting the nerves of selected MROs to abolish their input. The extension movement was measured before and after nerve section for animals with either unloaded or loaded abdomens. Removal of MRO input had no significant effect on extension of the unloaded abdomen. In animals with a loaded abdomen, the extension at joints spanned by sectioned MROs was slowed, whereas that at joints with intact MROs was not. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the MRO is an error detector in a servo-loop controlling abdominal position. The results provide the first demonstration that this load-compensating reflex loop operates during naturally evoked extension of the abdomen under constant load. AN - 9320171 AU - McCarthy, B. J. AU - Macmillan, D. L. ET - 1995/01/01 J2 - J Exp Biol L1 - internal-pdf://1734575198/McCarthy-1995-The role of the muscle receptor.pdf LA - Eng M1 - Pt 11 N1 - Mccarthy Macmillan J Exp Biol. 1995;198(Pt 11):2253-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9320171 PY - 1995 SN - 1477-9145 (Electronic) 0022-0949 (Linking) SP - 2253-9 ST - The role of the muscle receptor organ in the control of abdominal extension in the crayfish, Cherax destructor T2 - The Journal of experimental biology TI - The role of the muscle receptor organ in the control of abdominal extension in the crayfish, Cherax destructor UR - http://jeb.biologists.org/content/198/11/2253.full.pdf VL - 198 ID - 67 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Electrical recordings were made from the sensory neurone of the tonic muscle receptor organ in the abdomen of the intact, freely behaving crayfish Cherax destructor. Slow extensions of the abdomen were evoked by lowering a platform from beneath the suspended crayfish, and the movements and tonic sensory neurone activity were video-recorded simultaneously. The recordings showed that the tonic sensory neurone was active when the abdomen was fully flexed prior to the extension. When the extension began, however, the sensory neurone ceased firing shortly after movement was detected, irrespective of the load applied to the abdomen. When the abdomen was physically blocked from extending fully, the sensory neurone did not fire. The tonic muscle receptor organ is considered to be the length-detecting sensor for a load-compensating servo-loop, but the results demonstrate that its activity pattern during extensions evoked by a platform-drop in C. destructor are not consistent with that role. AD - Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. zoomac@ariel.ucs.unimelb.edu.au. AN - 9851906 AU - McCarthy, B. J. AU - Macmillan, D. L. DA - Jan ET - 1998/12/16 J2 - J Exp Biol L1 - internal-pdf://3172686010/McCarthy-1999-Control of abdominal extension i.pdf LA - Eng N1 - Mccarthy Macmillan J Exp Biol. 1999 Jan;202 (Pt 2):171-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851906 PY - 1999 SN - 1477-9145 (Electronic) 0022-0949 (Linking) SP - 171-81 ST - Control of abdominal extension in the freely moving intact crayfish Cherax destructor. I. Activity of the tonic stretch receptor T2 - The Journal of experimental biology TI - Control of abdominal extension in the freely moving intact crayfish Cherax destructor. I. Activity of the tonic stretch receptor UR - http://jeb.biologists.org/content/202/2/171.full.pdf VL - 202 ID - 70 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Byrne, John H A2 - Roberts, James L AU - McCormick, D.A. CY - San Diego PB - Academic Press PY - 2009 SE - 5 ST - Membrane potential and action potential T2 - From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience TI - Membrane potential and action potential UR - http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0080920837 ID - 204 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - North, G. A2 - Greenspan, R.J. AU - Meech, R.W. AU - Mackie, G.O. CY - Cold Springs Harbor NY PB - Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory Press PY - 2007 SE - 22 ST - Evolution of excitability in lower metazoans T2 - Invertebrate Neurobiology TI - Evolution of excitability in lower metazoans ID - 253 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Katz, P.S. AU - Mercer, A.L. CY - Oxford PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 1999 SE - 6 ST - Changing the way we perceive things: Sensory systems modulation T2 - Beyond Neurotransmission: Neuromodulation and Its Importance for Information Processing TI - Changing the way we perceive things: Sensory systems modulation ID - 249 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two identified peptides, which are structurally related to FMRF-NH2 and are known to be associated with lobster pericardial organs, increase nerve-evoked tension and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) recorded from crayfish deep abdominal extensor muscles. At low stimulus frequencies, which produce marked depression of muscle twitches with successive stimuli, the peptides quickly and reversibly restore tension. Increased quantal content of transmitter release, rather than changes in postsynaptic input resistance, accounted for most of the increase in EPSP amplitude. The results support earlier suggestions that these two peptides may act as circulating neurohormones and provide the first evidence for peptidergic modulation of a phasic neuromuscular system in a crustacean. AD - Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada. AN - 2336198 AU - Mercier, A. J. AU - Schiebe, M. AU - Atwood, H. L. DA - Mar 26 DO - 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90350-I ET - 1990/03/26 J2 - Neurosci Lett KW - Animals Astacoidea/*physiology Electric Stimulation FMRFamide Motor Neurons/drug effects/*physiology Muscle Contraction/*drug effects Muscles/*innervation/physiology Neuropeptides/*pharmacology LA - eng M1 - 1-2 M3 - In Vitro Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Mercier, A J Schiebe, M Atwood, H L NETHERLANDS Neurosci Lett. 1990 Mar 26;111(1-2):92-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2336198 PY - 1990 SN - 0304-3940 (Print) 0304-3940 (Linking) SP - 92-8 ST - Pericardial peptides enhance synaptic transmission and tension in phasic extensor muscles of crayfish T2 - Neuroscience letters TI - Pericardial peptides enhance synaptic transmission and tension in phasic extensor muscles of crayfish VL - 111 ID - 71 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Miles, F.A. CY - London PB - Heinemann Medical Books, Ltd. PY - 1969 SE - 4 ST - Excitable Cells TI - Excitable Cells ID - 248 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Crustacean motor neurons subserving locomotion are specialized for the type of activity in which they normally participate. Neurons responsible for maintained activity ('tonic' neurons) support moderate to high frequencies of nerve impulses intermittently or continuously during locomotion, while those recruited for short-lasting rapid responses ('phasic' neurons) generally fire a few impulses in a rapid burst during rapid locomotion and are otherwise silent. The synaptic responses of the two types, recorded at their respective neuromuscular junctions, differ enormously: phasic neurons exhibit much higher quantal release per synapse and per muscle fibre, along with more rapid synaptic depression and less short-term facilitation. We have analyzed the factors that are responsible for the large difference in initial release of neurotransmitter. Several possibilities, including synapse and active zone size differences, entry of calcium at active zones, and immediately releasable vesicle pools, could not account for the large phasic-tonic difference in initial transmitter output. The most likely feature that differentiates synaptic release is the sensitivity of the exocytotic machinery to intracellular calcium. Molecular features of the phasic and tonic presynaptic nerve terminals are currently under investigation. AD - Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada. AN - 21680480 AU - Millar, A. G. AU - Atwood, H. L. DA - Feb DO - 10.1093/icb/44.1.4 J2 - Integrative and comparative biology M1 - 1 N1 - Millar, Andrew G Atwood, Harold L eng England 2004/02/01 00:00 Integr Comp Biol. 2004 Feb;44(1):4-13. doi: 10.1093/icb/44.1.4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21680480 PY - 2004 SN - 1540-7063 (Print) 1540-7063 (Linking) SP - 4-13 ST - Crustacean phasic and tonic motor neurons T2 - Integr Comp Biol TI - Crustacean phasic and tonic motor neurons VL - 44 ID - 123 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The action of the putative crustacean neurohormone dopamine was examined in the fast extensor musculature of the prawn with intracellular and extracellular recording techniques. Dopamine produced a concentration-dependent (10(-7)-10(-5) M) decrease in the size of the excitatory junctional potential (e.j.p.). It had no effect on the muscle fibre resting membrane potential or input resistance. High concentrations (10(-5)M) of dopamine had no effect on the amplitude distribution or decay time of quantal unit currents, indicating that the agent does not act by blocking post-synaptic receptors or channels. Bath application of dopamine reduced the quantal content at single release sites with a similar time course and concentration dependence as that observed for the e.j.p. Dopamine had no effect on histograms of synaptic delays determined over a 10 degree C range, indicating that it does not modify the time course of phasic neurosecretion. Twin-impulse facilitation experiments showed a marked decrease in the duration of facilitation in the presence of dopamine. These results are interpreted according to recent theoretical and experimental findings as indicating that the dopamine-induced reduction in transmitter release is produced by a decrease in the entry of Ca during the nerve terminal action potential. AN - 2862279 AU - Miller, M. W. AU - Parnas, H. AU - Parnas, I. C2 - 1192935 DA - Jun ET - 1985/06/01 J2 - J Physiol KW - Action Potentials/drug effects Animals Decapoda (Crustacea)/*physiology Dopamine/*pharmacology Kinetics Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology Synapses/physiology Synaptic Transmission/*drug effects Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://1129566413/Miller-1985-Dopaminergic modulation of neuromu.pdf LA - eng M3 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. N1 - Miller, M W Parnas, H Parnas, I ENGLAND J Physiol. 1985 Jun;363:363-75. http://jp.physoc.org/content/363/1/363.full.pdf PY - 1985 SN - 0022-3751 (Print) 0022-3751 (Linking) SP - 363-75 ST - Dopaminergic modulation of neuromuscular transmission in the prawn T2 - The Journal of physiology TI - Dopaminergic modulation of neuromuscular transmission in the prawn UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2862279 VL - 363 ID - 72 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 621294 AU - Mittenthal, J. E. AU - Wine, J. J. DA - Jan 15 DO - 10.1002/cne.901770209 ET - 1978/01/15 J2 - J Comp Neurol KW - Animals Astacoidea/*anatomy & histology Biological Evolution Crustacea/anatomy & histology Female Ganglia/anatomy & histology/cytology Insects/anatomy & histology Male *Motor Neurons Nervous System/*anatomy & histology/cytology Species Specificity LA - eng M1 - 2 M3 - Comparative Study Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. N1 - Mittenthal, J E Wine, J J J Comp Neurol. 1978 Jan 15;177(2):311-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/621294 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.901770209/abstract PY - 1978 SN - 0021-9967 (Print) 0021-9967 (Linking) SP - 311-34 ST - Segmental homology and variation in flexor motoneurons of the crayfish abdomen T2 - The Journal of Comparative Neurology TI - Segmental homology and variation in flexor motoneurons of the crayfish abdomen VL - 177 ID - 73 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Moller, Peter AU - Moller, Peter CY - London N1 - Chapter 8, pp. 167-198 PB - Chapman and Hall PY - 1995 SE - 8 SN - 0412373807 ST - Basic elements of electrocommunication systems T2 - Electric Fishes: History and Behavior TI - Basic elements of electrocommunication systems VL - 17 ID - 174 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Moore, J.W. AU - Stuart, A.E. CY - Sunderland MA ET - 2 PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2007 RN - [www.neuronsinaction.com] SN - 9780878935482 ST - Neurons in Action: Tutorials and Simulations Using NEURON TI - Neurons in Action: Tutorials and Simulations Using NEURON UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=XiGsPAAACAAJ ID - 209 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Swimmerets are limbs on several segments of the crayfish abdomen that are used for forward swimming and other behaviors. We present evidence that the functional modules demonstrated previously in physiological experiments are reflected in the morphological disposition of swimmeret motor neurons. The single nerve that innervates each swimmeret divides into two branches that separately contain the axons of power-stroke and return-stroke motor neurons. We used Co(++) or biocytin to backfill the entire pool of neurons that innervated a swimmeret, or functional subsets whose axons occurred in particular branches. Each filled cell body extended a single neurite that projected first to the Lateral Neuropil (LN), and there branched to form dendritic structures and its axon. All the motor neurons that innervated one swimmeret had cell bodies located in the ganglion from which their axons emerged, and the cell bodies of all but two of these neurons were located ipsilateral to their swimmeret. Counts of cell bodies filled from selected peripheral branches revealed about 35 power-stroke motor neurons and 35 return-stroke motor neurons. The cell bodies of these two types were segregated into different clusters within the ganglion, but both types sent their neurites into the ipsilateral LN and had their principle branches in this neuropil. We saw no significant differences in the numbers or distributions of these motor neurons in ganglia A2 through A5. These anatomical features are consistent with the physiological evidence that each swimmeret is controlled by its own neural module, which drives the alternating bursts of impulses in power-stroke and return-stroke motor neurons. We propose that the LN is the site of the synaptic circuit that generates this pattern. AD - Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616-8519, USA. bcmulloney@ucdavis.edu AN - 10723001 AU - Mulloney, B. AU - Hall, W. M. DA - Apr 3 DO - 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(20000403)419:2<233::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-Y J2 - The Journal of comparative neurology KW - Abdomen/*innervation Animals Astacoidea/*physiology Axons/physiology Cell Count Cobalt Extremities/*innervation Ganglia, Invertebrate/cytology/*physiology Lysine/analogs & derivatives Motor Neurons/cytology/*physiology Neuropil/physiology Synaptic Transmission/physiology M1 - 2 N1 - Mulloney, B Hall, W M eng NS 26742/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 2000/03/21 09:00 J Comp Neurol. 2000 Apr 3;419(2):233-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10723001 PY - 2000 SN - 0021-9967 (Print) 0021-9967 (Linking) SP - 233-43 ST - Functional organization of crayfish abdominal ganglia. III. Swimmeret motor neurons T2 - J Comp Neurol TI - Functional organization of crayfish abdominal ganglia. III. Swimmeret motor neurons VL - 419 ID - 158 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The crustacean swimmeret system includes a distributed set of local circuits that individually control movements of one jointed limb. These modular local circuits occur in pairs in each segmental ganglion, and normally operate synchronously to produce smoothly coordinated cycles of limb movements on different body segments. The system presents exceptional opportunities for computational and experimental investigation of neural mechanisms of coordination because: (a) The system will express in vitro the periodic motor pattern that normally drives cycles of swimmeret movements during forward swimming. (b) The intersegmental neurons which encode information that is necessary and sufficient for normal coordination have been identified, and their activity can be recorded. (c) The local commissural neurons that integrate this coordinating information and tune the phase of each swimmeret are known. (d) The complete set of synaptic connections between coordinating neurons and these commissural neurons have been described. (e). The synaptic connections onto each local pattern-generating circuit through which coordinating information tunes the circuit's phase have been discovered. These factors make possible for the first time a detailed, comprehensive cellular and synaptic explanation of how this neural circuit produces an effective, behaviorally significant output. This paper is the first comprehensive review of the system's neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, its local and intersegmental circuitry, its transmitter pharmacology, its neuromodulatory control mechanisms, and its interactions with other motor systems. Each of these topics is covered in detail in an attempt to provide a complete review of the literature as a foundation for new research. The series of hypotheses that have been proposed to account for the system's properties are reviewed critically in the context of experimental tests of their validity. AD - Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8519, USA. bcmulloney@ucdavis.edu AN - 22270044 AU - Mulloney, B. AU - Smarandache-Wellmann, C. C2 - 3297416 DA - Feb DO - 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.002 J2 - Progress in neurobiology KW - Action Potentials/physiology Animals Crustacea/*anatomy & histology/*physiology Extremities/innervation/physiology Ganglia, Invertebrate/physiology Movement/*physiology Nerve Net/anatomy & histology/physiology Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology/physiology Neurons/physiology Neuropeptides/metabolism Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism Periodicity Swimming/*physiology M1 - 2 N1 - Mulloney, Brian Smarandache-Wellmann, Carmen eng NS04-8068/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ R01 NS048068-05/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ R01 NS048068-05S1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review England 2012/01/25 06:00 Prog Neurobiol. 2012 Feb;96(2):242-67. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.002. Epub 2012 Jan 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22270044 PY - 2012 SN - 1873-5118 (Electronic) 0301-0082 (Linking) SP - 242-67 ST - Neurobiology of the crustacean swimmeret system T2 - Prog Neurobiol TI - Neurobiology of the crustacean swimmeret system VL - 96 ID - 149 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Research on identified neurons during the last quarter century was forecast at a conference in 1973 that discussed "neuronal mechanisms of coordination in simple systems." The focus of the conference was on the neuronal control of simple stereotyped behavioral acts. Participants discussing the future of such research called for a comparative approach; emphasis on structure-function interactions; attention to environmental and behavioral context; and the development of new techniques. Significantly, in some cases amazing progress has been made in these areas. Major conclusions of the last quarter century are that so-called simple behaviors and the neural circuitry underlying them tend to be less simple, more flexible, and more highly modulated than originally imagined. However, the comparative approach has, as yet, failed to reach its potential. Molluscan preparations, along with arthropods and annelids, have always been at the forefront of neuroethological studies. Circuitry underlying feeding has been studied in a handful of species of gastropod molluscs. These studies have contributed substantially to our understanding of sensorimotor organization, the hierarchical control of behavior and coordination of multiple behaviors, and the organization and modulation of central pattern generators. However, direct interspecific comparisons of feeding circuitry and potentially homologous neurons have been lacking. This is unfortunate because much of the vast radiation of the class Gastropoda is associated with variations in feeding behaviors and feeding apparatuses, providing ample substrates for comparative studies including the evolution of defined circuitry. Here, the neural organization of feeding in the snail, Helisoma, is examined critically. Possible direct interspecific comparisons of neural circuitry and potentially homologous neurons are made. A universal model for central pattern generators underlying rasping feeding is proposed. Future comparative studies can be expected to combine behavioral, morphological, electrophysiological, molecular and genetic techniques to identify neurons and define neural circuitry. Digital resources will undoubtedly be exploited to organize and interface databases allowing illumination of the evolution of homologous identified neurons and defined neural circuitry in the context of behavioral change. AD - Department of Biological Sciences and Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA. dmurphy@uic.edu AN - 11163684 AU - Murphy, A. D. DA - Mar DO - 10.1016/S0301-0082(00)00049-6 J2 - Progress in neurobiology KW - Action Potentials/physiology Animals Central Nervous System/*cytology/physiology Feeding Behavior/*physiology Ganglia, Invertebrate/cytology/physiology Interneurons/*cytology/physiology Motor Neurons/*cytology/physiology Nerve Net/cytology/physiology Snails/*cytology/physiology M1 - 4 N1 - Murphy, A D eng Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review England 2001/02/13 11:00 Prog Neurobiol. 2001 Mar;63(4):383-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11163684 PY - 2001 SN - 0301-0082 (Print) 0301-0082 (Linking) SP - 383-408 ST - The neuronal basis of feeding in the snail, Helisoma, with comparisons to selected gastropods T2 - Prog Neurobiol TI - The neuronal basis of feeding in the snail, Helisoma, with comparisons to selected gastropods VL - 63 ID - 157 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 1. Crayfish abdominal nerve cords were perfused with selected transmitters or their agonists or antagonists. Motor activity underlying abdominal positioning behavior was monitored. 2. All the neurotransmitters except glycine had a measurable effect on this system. 3. Acetylcholine and its agonists were slightly stimulatory. Both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors were indicated. 4. GABA was weakly inhibitory. Picrotoxin was strongly stimulatory, perhaps as a result of its known ability to block GABA and inhibitory acetylcholine receptors. 5. Histamine was strongly inhibitory. Both H1 and H2 receptors were indicated. 6. Glutamate was found to be slightly inhibitory while its agonist, NMDA, showed no effect. 7. Finally, L-Dopa was stimulatory, but only at a high concentration. AD - Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin 78712. AN - 1687570 AU - Murphy, B. F. AU - Larimer, J. L. DO - 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90062-X ET - 1991/01/01 J2 - Comp Biochem Physiol C KW - Abdomen/*innervation Animals Astacoidea/*physiology Female Immunohistochemistry Interneurons/physiology Male Motor Neurons/drug effects Neurotransmitter Agents/*physiology Receptors, Muscarinic/*drug effects Receptors, Nicotinic/*drug effects LA - eng M1 - 3 M3 - Comparative Study Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. N1 - Murphy, B F Larimer, J L NS05423/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ NS07281/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1991;100(3):687-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1687570 PY - 1991 SN - 0742-8413 (Print) 0742-8413 (Linking) SP - 687-98 ST - The effect of various neurotransmitters and some of their agonists and antagonists on the crayfish abdominal positioning system T2 - Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C, Comparative pharmacology and toxicology TI - The effect of various neurotransmitters and some of their agonists and antagonists on the crayfish abdominal positioning system VL - 100 ID - 74 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Murray, R.W. CY - Cambridge PB - Cambridge University Press PY - 1983 SP - 51-58 ST - Test Your Understanding of Neurophysiology TI - Test Your Understanding of Neurophysiology ID - 196 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Nicholls, John G AU - Martin, A Robert AU - Fuchs, Paul A AU - Brown, P.A. AU - Diamond, M.E. AU - Weisblat, D.A. CY - Sunderland MA PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2012 SE - 16 SN - 9780878936090 ST - From Neuron to Brain TI - From Neuron to Brain UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=eTLzXwAACAAJ ID - 212 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Using a single electrode voltage clamp technique the actions of rapidly superfused thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, 1 microM) on lumbar motoneurones of the isolated neonatal rat spinal cord were investigated. TRH induced a slowly developing inward current (associated with an input conductance fall) with slow recovery on washout. In the presence of TRH the normally linear current-voltage relations displayed strong inward rectification up to about -40 mV. The TRH-induced current peaked at -50 mV, reversed at -120 mV and was not blocked by Cs+, tetraethylammonium, 4-aminopyridine, Cd2+, or low Na+. Its reversal potential was sensitive to changes in extracellular K+. Ba2+ (0.2-1.5 mM) depressed the effects of TRH. It is suggested that in rat motoneurones TRH blocked an apparently novel K+ conductance (IK(T)) active at resting membrane potential. AD - Department of Pharmacology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, University of London, U.K. AN - 2127304 AU - Nistri, A. AU - Fisher, N. D. AU - Gurnell, M. DA - Nov 27 ET - 1990/11/27 J2 - Neurosci Lett KW - 4-Aminopyridine/pharmacology Animals Animals, Newborn Female Male Motor Neurons/drug effects/*physiology Potassium Channels/drug effects/*physiology Rats Spinal Cord/*physiology Tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone/*pharmacology LA - eng M1 - 1 M3 - In Vitro Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Nistri, A Fisher, N D Gurnell, M NETHERLANDS Neurosci Lett. 1990 Nov 27;120(1):25-30. PY - 1990 SN - 0304-3940 (Print) 0304-3940 (Linking) SP - 25-30 ST - Block by the neuropeptide TRH of an apparently novel K+ conductance of rat motoneurones T2 - Neuroscience letters TI - Block by the neuropeptide TRH of an apparently novel K+ conductance of rat motoneurones UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2127304 VL - 120 ID - 75 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Ogden, D. CY - Cambridge PB - Company of Biologists PY - 1994 SE - 1, 16 ST - Microelectrode Techniques. The Plymouth Workshop Handbook TI - Microelectrode Techniques. The Plymouth Workshop Handbook ID - 264 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The effects of calmodulin (from spinach) on the Ca2+-dependent Cl--sensitive anion channel in the Chara plasmalemma (Okihara et al. 1991) were studied by the inside-out patch-clamp technique. The current of Cl- ions, which flowed through the channel at 1.0 ŒºM Ca2+, tended to decrease irregularly with time. This tendency toward a decrease in the current was no longer apparent after application of calmodulin for some time. The activity of the channel was restored to a small extent or tended to increase during the early stages of application of calmodulin. Such a transient action of calmodulin on the channel activity was evident, at voltages more negative than ‚Äì100 mV. AU - Okihara, K AU - Ohkawa, T AU - Kasai, M M1 - 1 PY - 1993 SP - 75-82 ST - Effects of calmodulin on Ca2+-dependent Cl−-sensitive anion channels in the Chara plasmalemma: A patch-clamp study T2 - Plant and Cell Physiology TI - Effects of calmodulin on Ca2+-dependent Cl−-sensitive anion channels in the Chara plasmalemma: A patch-clamp study UR - http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/34/1/75.abstract VL - 34 ID - 76 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 4156055 AU - Ozawa, S. AU - Tsuda, K. DA - Sep ET - 1973/09/01 J2 - J Neurophysiol KW - Aminobutyrates/*pharmacology Animals Astacoidea/*physiology *Cell Membrane Permeability Chlorides/metabolism Electric Conductivity Kinetics Mechanoreceptors/*physiology *Membrane Potentials/drug effects *Neural Inhibition Potassium/metabolism *Synaptic Transmission Time Factors gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*pharmacology LA - eng M1 - 5 N1 - Ozawa, S Tsuda, K J Neurophysiol. 1973 Sep;36(5):805-16. http://jn.physiology.org/content/36/5/805.long PY - 1973 SN - 0022-3077 (Print) 0022-3077 (Linking) SP - 805-16 ST - Membrane permeability change during inhibitory transmitter action in crayfish stretch receptor cell T2 - Journal of neurophysiology TI - Membrane permeability change during inhibitory transmitter action in crayfish stretch receptor cell UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4156055 VL - 36 ID - 77 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Pasztor, V.M. N1 - I can find no online links to this PY - 1989 SP - 5-14 ST - Modulation of sensitivity in invertebrate sensory receptors T2 - Seminars in the Neurosciences TI - Modulation of sensitivity in invertebrate sensory receptors VL - 1 ID - 241 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Pasztor, Vm Mcgill Univ,Dept Biol,1205 Ave Dr Penfield,Montreal H3a 1b1,Quebec,Canada Mcgill Univ,Dept Biol,1205 Ave Dr Penfield,Montreal H3a 1b1,Quebec,Canada Univ Melbourne,Dept Zool,Parkville,Vic 3052,Australia AN - ISI:A1990DY71500028 AU - Pasztor, V. M. AU - Macmillan, D. L. DA - Sep J2 - J Exp Biol LA - English N1 - Dy715 Times Cited:51 Cited References Count:27 PY - 1990 SN - 0022-0949 SP - 485-504 ST - The actions of proctolin, octopamine, and serotonin on crustacean proprioceptors show species and neuron specificity T2 - Journal of Experimental Biology TI - The actions of proctolin, octopamine, and serotonin on crustacean proprioceptors show species and neuron specificity UR - http://jeb.biologists.org/content/152/1/485 VL - 152 ID - 78 ER - TY - JOUR AB - It has been proposed that the abdominal muscle receptor organ (MRO) of decapod crustaceans acts in a sensory feedback loop to compensate for external load. There is not yet unequivocal evidence of MRO activity during slow abdominal extension in intact animals, however. This raises the possibility that MRO involvement in load compensation is context-dependent. We recorded from MRO tonic stretch receptors (SRs) in freely behaving crayfish (Cherax destructor) during abdominal extension occurring during two different behaviors: body roll and the defense response. Abdominal extensions are similar in many respects in both behaviors, although defense response extensions are more rapid. In both situations, SR activity typically ceased when the abdominal extension commenced, even if the joint of the SR being monitored was mechanically prevented from extending by a block. Since extensor motor neuron activity increased when the abdomen was prevented from extending, we concluded that the load compensation occurring in these behaviors was not mediated by the MROs. AD - Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia. AN - 11748627 AU - Patullo, B. W. AU - Faulkes, Z. AU - Macmillan, D. L. DA - Dec 1 DO - 10.1080/10.1002/jez.1129 ET - 2001/12/19 J2 - J Exp Zool KW - Abdomen Animals Astacoidea/*physiology Biomechanics Female Male Motor Neurons/*physiology *Movement Muscle Spindles/*physiology Muscles/*physiology Posture LA - eng M1 - 7 M3 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Patullo, B W Faulkes, Z Macmillan, D L J Exp Zool. 2001 Dec 1;290(7):783-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11748627 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.1129/abstract PY - 2001 SN - 0022-104X (Print) 0022-104X (Linking) SP - 783-90 ST - Muscle receptor organs do not mediate load compensation during body roll and defense response extensions in the crayfish Cherax destructor T2 - The Journal of experimental zoology TI - Muscle receptor organs do not mediate load compensation during body roll and defense response extensions in the crayfish Cherax destructor VL - 290 ID - 80 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Dopamine (10 to 50 microM) modulates in two different ways the duration of the Ca2+-dependent action potential recorded in the cell body of identified neurons of the snail Helix aspersa. In some neurons (cells E13 and F1) dopamine increases the amplitude of their Ca2+-dependent spike plateau by decreasing the S-current (Klein, M., J.S. Camardo, and E. R. Kandel (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79: 5713-5717), a K+ current controlled by cyclic AMP. In another neuron (cell D2), dopamine decreases the Ca2+-dependent plateau of the somatic action potential by evoking a decrease in Ca2+-current resulting from a decrease in Ca2+ conductance. Both modulatory effects could be observed in the same single neuron in which dopamine induces decreases of both the Ca2+ conductance and cyclic AMP-dependent K+ conductance. Nevertheless, in these cells (such as cell F5) dopamine only evokes a decrease of the amplitude of the Ca2+ spike plateau. Since the modulation of the duration of the Ca2+ action potential recorded in the neuronal soma has been shown to constitute a good model of events taking place at synaptic endings, it is suggested that these modulatory mechanisms evoked by dopamine may be involved in processes of presynaptic facilitation and inhibition. AN - 4032010 AU - Paupardin-Tritsch, D. AU - Colombaioni, L. AU - Deterre, P. AU - Gerschenfeld, H. M. DA - Sep ET - 1985/09/01 J2 - J Neurosci KW - Action Potentials/*drug effects Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism Animals Biomechanics Calcium/*physiology Dopamine/*pharmacology Electric Conductivity Helix (Snails) Neurons/drug effects/enzymology/physiology L1 - internal-pdf://4059243604/Paupardin-Trits-1985-Two different mechanisms.pdf LA - eng M1 - 9 M3 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Paupardin-Tritsch, D Colombaioni, L Deterre, P Gerschenfeld, H M J Neurosci. 1985 Sep;5(9):2522-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4032010 PY - 1985 SN - 0270-6474 (Print) 0270-6474 (Linking) SP - 2522-32 ST - Two different mechanisms of calcium spike modulation by dopamine T2 - The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience TI - Two different mechanisms of calcium spike modulation by dopamine UR - http://www.jneurosci.org/content/5/9/2522.full.pdf VL - 5 ID - 82 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The structure/function relationship in the rapidly and slowly adapting stretch receptor organs of the crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) was investigated using confocal microscopy and neuronal modeling methods. Both receptor muscles were single muscle fibers with structural properties closely related to the function of the receptors. Dendrites of the rapidly adapting neuron terminated in a common pile of nerve endings going in all directions. Dendrites of the slowly adapting neuron terminated in a characteristic T shape in multiple regions of the receptor muscle. The slowly adapting main dendrite, which was on average 2.1 times longer and 21% thinner than the rapidly adapting main dendrite, induced larger voltage attenuation. The somal surface area of the slowly adapting neuron was on average 51% larger than that of the rapidly adapting neuron. Variation in the neuronal geometry was greatest among the slowly adapting neurons. A computational model of a neuron pair demonstrated that the rapidly and the slowly adapting neurons attenuated the dendritic receptor potential like low-pass filters with cut-off frequencies at 100 and 20 Hz, respectively. Recurrent dendrites were observed mostly in the slowly adapting neurons. Voltage signals were calculated to be propagated 23% faster in the rapidly adapting axon, which is 51% thicker than the slowly adapting axon. The present findings support the idea that the morphology of the rapidly and the slowly adapting neurons evolved to optimally sense the dynamic and the static features of the mechanical stimulus, respectively. AD - Department of Biophysics, Hacettepe University, Medical Faculty, Sihhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey. npurali@hacettepe.edu.tr AN - 15973677 AU - Purali, N. DA - Aug 8 DO - 10.1002/cne.20590 ET - 2005/06/24 J2 - J Comp Neurol KW - Abdomen/innervation Action Potentials/physiology Adaptation, Physiological Animals Astacoidea/*anatomy & histology/*physiology Biomechanics Mechanoreceptors/*cytology/*physiology Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology/physiology Neuromuscular Junction/*anatomy & histology/physiology Physical Stimulation LA - eng M1 - 4 M3 - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't N1 - Purali, Nuhan J Comp Neurol. 2005 Aug 8;488(4):369-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15973677 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.20590/abstract PY - 2005 SN - 0021-9967 (Print) 0021-9967 (Linking) SP - 369-83 ST - Structure and function relationship in the abdominal stretch receptor organs of the crayfish T2 - The Journal of Comparative Neurology TI - Structure and function relationship in the abdominal stretch receptor organs of the crayfish VL - 488 ID - 84 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Purves, D. AU - Augustine, G.J. AU - Fitzpatrick, D. AU - Hall, W.C. AU - LaMantia, A.-S. AU - McNamara, J.O. AU - White, L.E. CY - Sunderland MA PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2012 SE - 3 SN - 9780878936953 ST - Neuroscience TI - Neuroscience UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ ID - 197 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Purves, D. AU - Augustine, G.J. AU - Fitzpatrick, D. AU - Hall, W.C. AU - LaMantia, A.-S. AU - McNamara, J.O. AU - White, L.E. CY - Sunderland MA PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2012 SE - 1 SN - 9780878936953 ST - Neuroscience TI - Neuroscience UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ ID - 199 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Purves, D. AU - Augustine, G.J. AU - Fitzpatrick, D. AU - Hall, W.C. AU - LaMantia, A.-S. AU - McNamara, J.O. AU - White, L.E. CY - Sunderland MA PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2012 SE - 2 SN - 9780878936953 ST - Neuroscience TI - Neuroscience UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ ID - 205 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Purves, D. AU - Augustine, G.J. AU - Fitzpatrick, D. AU - Hall, W.C. AU - LaMantia, A.-S. AU - McNamara, J.O. AU - White, L.E. CY - Sunderland MA PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2012 SE - 5 SN - 9780878936953 ST - Neuroscience TI - Neuroscience UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ ID - 214 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Purves, D. AU - Augustine, G.J. AU - Fitzpatrick, D. AU - Hall, W.C. AU - LaMantia, A.-S. AU - McNamara, J.O. AU - White, L.E. CY - Sunderland MA PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2012 SE - 6 SN - 9780878936953 ST - Neuroscience TI - Neuroscience UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ ID - 217 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Purves, D. AU - Augustine, G.J. AU - Fitzpatrick, D. AU - Hall, W.C. AU - LaMantia, A.-S. AU - McNamara, J.O. AU - White, L.E. CY - Sunderland MA PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2012 SE - 8 SN - 9780878936953 ST - Neuroscience TI - Neuroscience UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ ID - 219 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Purves, D. AU - Augustine, G.J. AU - Fitzpatrick, D. AU - Hall, W.C. AU - LaMantia, A.-S. AU - McNamara, J.O. AU - White, L.E. CY - Sunderland MA PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2012 SE - 9, 16 SN - 9780878936953 ST - Neuroscience TI - Neuroscience UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ ID - 225 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Purves, D. AU - Augustine, G.J. AU - Fitzpatrick, D. AU - Hall, W.C. AU - LaMantia, A.-S. AU - McNamara, J.O. AU - White, L.E. CY - Sunderland MA PB - Sinauer Associates PY - 2012 SN - 9780878936953 SP - 290-291 ST - Neuroscience TI - Neuroscience UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ ID - 256 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Purves, R.D. CY - New York PB - Academic Press PY - 1981 SN - 9780125679503 SP - 51-53 ST - Microelectrode Methods for Intracellular Recording and Ionophoresis TI - Microelectrode Methods for Intracellular Recording and Ionophoresis UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=mWHwAAAAMAAJ ID - 207 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Purves, R.D. CY - New York PB - Academic Press PY - 1981 SN - 9780125679503 SP - 50-51 ST - Microelectrode Methods for Intracellular Recording and Ionophoresis TI - Microelectrode Methods for Intracellular Recording and Ionophoresis UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=mWHwAAAAMAAJ ID - 258 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Purves, R.D. CY - New York PB - Academic Press PY - 1981 SN - 9780125679503 ST - Microelectrode Methods for Intracellular Recording and Ionophoresis TI - Microelectrode Methods for Intracellular Recording and Ionophoresis UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=mWHwAAAAMAAJ ID - 263 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A staining procedure is described which differentiates with distinct colours, cobalt and nickel ions introduced into neurones. Densely coloured precipitates are produced with these ions when rubeanic acid, a spot-test reagent, is added. Formation of the coloured complexes takes place within a few minutes, and may be followed under the dissecting microscope. This technique permits observation of the relative positions, within ganglia, of somata related to two emergent nerves following multiple axonal-backfilling. It also appears to be of value in tracing neurone branching after the intracellular injection of ions. AU - Quicke, D. L. J. AU - Brace, R. C. DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1979.tb00165.x M1 - 2 N1 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1979.tb00165.x http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/jms/1979/00000115/00000002/art00005?token=00531df4f1354d0f4399b41333c4a2f7a7a6a38384746737a55676f4f6d6222346b6268763050218aa4 PY - 1979 SN - 1365-2818 SP - 161-163 ST - Differential staining of cobalt- and nickel-filled neurones using rubeanic acid T2 - Journal of Microscopy TI - Differential staining of cobalt- and nickel-filled neurones using rubeanic acid VL - 115 ID - 85 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The neurotransmitter dopamine is shown to play a fundamental role in the generation of the feeding motor pattern and resultant feeding behavior in Helisoma. Application of exogenous dopamine triggered the fictive feeding motor pattern in the isolated CNS and triggered feeding movements in semi-intact preparations. Application of feeding stimulants to the oral cavity excited the putatively dopaminergic buccal interneuron N1a, and depolarization of interneuron N1a triggered the production of the fictive feeding motor pattern. The ability of dopamine superfusion and of interneuron N1a stimulation to activate the fictive feeding motor pattern was blocked by the dopamine antagonist sulpiride. The phase of the fictive feeding motor pattern was reset by brief hyperpolarization of interneuron N1a, demonstrating that interneuron N1a is an integral component of the buccal central pattern generator (CPG). During spontaneous fictive feeding patterns, prolonged hyperpolarizations of interneuron N1a inhibited the production of patterned activity. Exogenous dopamine maintained the fictive feeding motor pattern in the absence of interneuron N1a activity. Interneuron N1a was labeled by the formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde histochemical technique, which is indicative of the presence of dopamine in mollusks. These data suggest that interneuron N1a is an endogenous source of the neuromodulator dopamine, intrinsic to the buccal CPG, and that interneuron N1a has a prominent role in the sensory-motor integration triggering the consummatory response. AD - Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60607, USA. AN - 9307115 AU - Quinlan, E. M. AU - Arnett, B. C. AU - Murphy, A. D. DA - Aug J2 - Journal of neurophysiology KW - Animals Central Nervous System/drug effects Cheek Dopamine/*pharmacology Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology Feeding Behavior/*drug effects Interneurons/*drug effects Microscopy, Video Motor Neurons/*drug effects Psychomotor Performance/*drug effects Snails/*drug effects Stimulation, Chemical Sulpiride/pharmacology M1 - 2 N1 - Quinlan, E M Arnett, B C Murphy, A D eng Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 1997/08/01 00:00 J Neurophysiol. 1997 Aug;78(2):812-24. PY - 1997 SN - 0022-3077 (Print) 0022-3077 (Linking) SP - 812-24 ST - Feeding stimulants activate an identified dopaminergic interneuron that induces the feeding motor program in Helisoma T2 - J Neurophysiol TI - Feeding stimulants activate an identified dopaminergic interneuron that induces the feeding motor program in Helisoma UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9307115 VL - 78 ID - 165 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The cellular and circuit mechanisms generating the rhythm of breathing in mammals have been under intense investigation for decades. Here, we try to integrate the key discoveries into an updated description of the basic neural processes generating respiratory rhythm under in vivo conditions. AD - Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany; and Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland. AN - 24382872 AU - Richter, D. W. AU - Smith, J. C. C2 - 3929116 DA - Jan DO - 10.1152/physiol.00035.2013 J2 - Physiology M1 - 1 N1 - Richter, Diethelm W Smith, Jeffrey C eng R01 NS069220/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review Bethesda, Md. 2014/01/03 06:00 Physiology (Bethesda). 2014 Jan;29(1):58-71. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00035.2013. PY - 2014 SN - 1548-9221 (Electronic) 1548-9221 (Linking) SP - 58-71 ST - Respiratory rhythm generation in vivo T2 - Physiology TI - Respiratory rhythm generation in vivo UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24382872 VL - 29 ID - 288 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Physiology and Biophysics, New York University Medical Center, New York. AN - 2457185 AU - Rudy, B. DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90033-4 ET - 1988/06/01 J2 - Neuroscience KW - Action Potentials Animals Calcium/physiology Ion Channels/classification/metabolism/*physiology Membrane Potentials Neurons/metabolism/*physiology Potassium/pharmacokinetics/*physiology LA - eng M1 - 3 M3 - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review N1 - Rudy, B GM26976/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ ENGLAND Neuroscience. 1988 Jun;25(3):729-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2457185 PY - 1988 SN - 0306-4522 (Print) 0306-4522 (Linking) SP - 729-49 ST - Diversity and ubiquity of K channels T2 - Neuroscience TI - Diversity and ubiquity of K channels VL - 25 ID - 86 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Ito, Fumio AU - Rydqvist, B. CY - Berlin DO - 10.1007/978-3-642-76690-9_11 LA - English PB - Springer PY - 1992 RN - [doi] SN - 978-3-642-76692-3 SP - 233-260 ST - Muscle mechanoreceptors in invertebrates SV - 10 T2 - Comparative Aspects of Mechanoreceptor Systems T3 - Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology TI - Muscle mechanoreceptors in invertebrates UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76690-9_11 VL - 10 ID - 235 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Mechanotransduction or mechanosensitivity is found in almost every cell in all organisms from bacteria to vertebrates. Mechanosensitivity covers a wide spectrum of functions from osmosensing, cell attachment, classical sensory mechanisms like tactile senses in the skin, detection of sound in hair cells of the hearing apparatus, proprioceptive functions like recording of muscle length and tension in the muscle spindle and tendon organ, respectively, and pressure detection in the circulation etc. Since most development regarding the molecular aspects of the mechanosensitive channel has been made in nonsensory systems it is important to focus on mechanosensitivity of sensory organs where the functional importance is undisputed. The stretch receptor organ of the crustaceans is a suitable preparation for such studies. The receptor organ is experimentally accessible to mechanical manipulation and electrophysiological recordings from the sensory neuron using intracellular microelectrode or patch clamp techniques. It is also relatively easy to inject substances into the neuron, which also makes the neuron accessible to measurements with fluorescent techniques. The aim of the present paper is to give an up to date summary of observations made on the transducer properties of the crayfish stretch receptor (Astacus astacus and Pacifastacus leniusculus) including some recent unpublished findings. Finally some aspects on future line of research will be presented. AD - Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, S-177 71 Stockholm, Sweden. bo.rydqvist@ki.se AN - 17612581 AU - Rydqvist, B. AU - Lin, J. H. AU - Sand, P. AU - Swerup, C. DA - Sep 10 DO - 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.055 J2 - Physiology & behavior KW - Action Potentials/physiology Adaptation, Physiological Animals Astacoidea/*cytology/physiology Elasticity Ion Channel Gating/physiology Ion Channels/physiology Mechanoreceptors/cytology/*physiology Mechanotransduction, Cellular/*physiology M1 - 1-2 N1 - Rydqvist, Bo Lin, Jia-Hui Sand, Peter Swerup, Christer eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review 2007/07/07 09:00 Physiol Behav. 2007 Sep 10;92(1-2):21-8. Epub 2007 May 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612581 PY - 2007 SN - 0031-9384 (Print) 0031-9384 (Linking) SP - 21-8 ST - Mechanotransduction and the crayfish stretch receptor T2 - Physiology and Behavior TI - Mechanotransduction and the crayfish stretch receptor VL - 92 ID - 233 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Sacks, Oliver CY - New York PB - Simon and Schuster PY - 1998 SE - 3 SN - 0684853949 ST - The man who mistook his wife for a hat: And other clinical tales TI - The man who mistook his wife for a hat: And other clinical tales ID - 227 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Selverston, A.I. CY - New York PB - Plenum Press PY - 1985 SN - 9780306419492 ST - Model neural networks and behavior TI - Model neural networks and behavior UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=4uJqAAAAMAAJ ID - 268 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Sherman-Gold, R CY - Union City CA PB - Molecular Devices Corporation PY - 2012 RN - [pdf] ST - The Axon Guide: Electrophysiology and Biophysics Laboratory Techniques, 3rd Edition TI - The Axon Guide: Electrophysiology and Biophysics Laboratory Techniques, 3rd Edition UR - http://mdc.custhelp.com/euf/assets/content/Axon%20Guide%203rd%20edition.pdf ID - 179 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The rapid turgor movements of Mimosa pudica and some carnivorous plants have long stimulated the interest of botanists. In addition, it is becoming evident that slower responses of plants to mechanical stimuli, such as coiling of tendrils and thigmomorphogenesis, are common phenomena. Electrophysiological studies on mechano-perception have been carried out in M. pudica and carnivorous plants, and have established that the response to mechanical stimulation is composed of three steps: perception of the stimulus, transmission of the signal, and induction of movement in motor cells. The first step is due to the receptor potential, the second and third steps are mediated by the action potential. In this article, the mechanisms of responses to mechanical stimuli of these plants are considered. Since higher plants are composed of complex tissues, detailed analysis of electrical phenomena is rather difficult, and so the mechanism for generating the receptor potential had not yet been studied. Characean cells have proved to be more amenable to the study of the electrophysiology of plant membranes because of their large cell size and the ease by which single cells can be isolated. Recent progress in studies of the receptor potential in characean cells is also discussed. AD - Shimmen, T Himeji Inst Technol, Fac Sci, Dept Life Sci, Harima Sci Pk City, Hyogo 6781297, Japan Himeji Inst Technol, Fac Sci, Dept Life Sci, Harima Sci Pk City, Hyogo 6781297, Japan Himeji Inst Technol, Fac Sci, Dept Life Sci, Harima Sci Pk City, Hyogo 6781297, Japan AN - ISI:000170086500005 AU - Shimmen, T. DO - 10.1071/PP01038 J2 - Aust J Plant Physiol KW - action potential aldrovanda chara mechano-perception mimosa receptor potential mimosa-pudica main pulvinus aldrovanda-vesiculosa trap-lobes membrane-potentials nitellopsis-obtusa cytosolic calcium excitable cells characean cells ion efflux LA - English M1 - 7 N1 - 456MP Times Cited:20 Cited References Count:60 ://000170086500005 http:///full_record.do?product=WOS&qid=4&UT=000170086500005 http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/PP01038.htm PY - 2001 SN - 0310-7841 SP - 567-576 ST - Involvement of receptor potentials and action potentials in mechano-perception in plants T2 - Australian Journal of Plant Physiology TI - Involvement of receptor potentials and action potentials in mechano-perception in plants VL - 28 ID - 91 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Characean cells have contributed significantly to various areas of plant cell biology such as cell motility and membrane transport. Since characean cells are very large, various kinds of operations can easily be applied to them. Development of techniques of intracellular perfusion and permeabilization of plasma membrane has facilitated studies on functions of the plasma membrane and the vacuolar membrane (or tonoplast) which is specific to plant cells. The present article is aimed at reviewing the contribution of characean cells to the study of electrophysiological characteristics of plant membranes. Our attention was mainly focused on experiments using plasma membrane-permeabilized cells and intracellularly perfused cells. AD - Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Hyogo, Japan. AN - 7850889 AU - Shimmen, T. AU - Mimura, T. AU - Kikuyama, M. AU - Tazawa, M. DA - Oct DO - 10.1247/csf.19.263 J2 - Cell structure and function KW - Action Potentials/physiology Biological Transport Cell Membrane/physiology Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology Chlorophyta/*cytology/*physiology Electrophysiology Ion Transport/physiology Membrane Potentials M1 - 5 N1 - Shimmen, T Mimura, T Kikuyama, M Tazawa, M eng Review JAPAN 1994/10/01 Cell Struct Funct. 1994 Oct;19(5):263-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7850889 PY - 1994 SN - 0386-7196 (Print) 0386-7196 (Linking) SP - 263-78 ST - Characean cells as a tool for studying electrophysiological characteristics of plant cells T2 - Cell structure and function TI - Characean cells as a tool for studying electrophysiological characteristics of plant cells VL - 19 ID - 138 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Kandel, E.R. A2 - Schwartz, J.H. A2 - Jessell, T.M. A2 - Siegelbaum, S.A. A2 - Hudspeth, A.J. AU - Siegelbaum, S.A. AU - Koester, J. CY - Newark ET - 5 PB - McGraw Hill PY - 2013 SN - 9780071390118 SP - 1525-1532 ST - Review of basic circuit theory T2 - Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition TI - Review of basic circuit theory UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=s64z-LdAIsEC ID - 176 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Silverthorn, D.U. CY - Boston PB - Pearson PY - 2013 SE - 8, 13 ST - Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach TI - Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach ID - 198 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Silverthorn, D.U. CY - Boston PB - Pearson PY - 2013 SE - 8 ST - Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach TI - Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach ID - 200 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Silverthorn, D.U. CY - Boston PB - Pearson PY - 2013 SE - 20 ST - Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach TI - Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach ID - 208 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Silverthorn, D.U. CY - Boston PB - Pearson PY - 2013 SE - 10, 13 ST - Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach TI - Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach ID - 226 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Silverthorn, D.U. CY - Boston PB - Pearson PY - 2013 SE - 10 ST - Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach TI - Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach ID - 234 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Voltage-gated calcium channels are the primary mediators of depolarization-induced calcium entry into neurons. There is great diversity of calcium channel subtypes due to multiple genes that encode calcium channel alpha1 subunits, coassembly with a variety of ancillary calcium channel subunits, and alternative splicing. This allows these channels to fulfill highly specialized roles in specific neuronal subtypes and at particular subcellular loci. While calcium channels are of critical importance to brain function, their inappropriate expression or dysfunction gives rise to a variety of neurological disorders, including, pain, epilepsy, migraine, and ataxia. This Review discusses salient aspects of voltage-gated calcium channel function, physiology, and pathophysiology. AD - Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada. Electronic address: zamponi@ucalgary.ca. AN - 24698266 AU - Simms, B. A. AU - Zamponi, G. W. DA - Apr 2 DO - 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.03.016 J2 - Neuron KW - Animals *Brain Diseases/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology Calcium Channels/chemistry/classification/genetics/*metabolism Humans Neurons/*physiology M1 - 1 N1 - Simms, Brett A Zamponi, Gerald W eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review 2014/04/05 06:00 Neuron. 2014 Apr 2;82(1):24-45. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.03.016. PY - 2014 SN - 1097-4199 (Electronic) 0896-6273 (Linking) SP - 24-45 ST - Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels: structure, function, and dysfunction T2 - Neuron TI - Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels: structure, function, and dysfunction UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24698266 VL - 82 ID - 303 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Stein, P.S.G. AU - Grillner, S. AU - Selverston, A.I. AU - Stuart, D.G. CY - Cambridge MA PB - MIT Press PY - 1997 RN - [Reprinted 2013 by Springer US, ISBN 9781475758603] ST - Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior TI - Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior ID - 269 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Stewart, A CY - Chapel Hill NC PB - Algonquin Books PY - 2009 ST - Wicked Plants: The Weed that Killed Lincoln’s Mother and Other Botanical Atrocities TI - Wicked Plants: The Weed that Killed Lincoln’s Mother and Other Botanical Atrocities ID - 306 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The dynamics of macroscopic currents underlying the electrically triggered action potential (AP) in the giant alga Chara corallina were directly recorded with an action potential clamp method. In this technique an AP is recorded and repetitively replayed as the command voltage to the same cell under voltage control. Upon adding the channel blockers niflumic acid and/or Ba2+ to the bath, the excitation current, i.e. the current crossing the membrane during an AP, can be dissected into a transient, fast-appearing Cl- inward current and a transient delayed K+ outward current. The delayed onset of the K+ outward current demands the postulation of an additional outward current in order to balance the excess Cl- inward current at the onset of the AP. The capacitive current that alters the charge on the membrane during excitation is several orders of magnitude too small to be relevant for charge balance. Measurements of single channel activity in the plasma membrane of C. corallina by the patch clamp method shows two types of Cl- channel (15 and 38 pS with 100 mM Cl- in the pipette) and one type of K+ channel (about 40 pS with 100 mM K+ in the pipette) which become transiently active during an AP. Typically, variable numbers of Cl- channels activate in a random fashion for short periods of time when favoured by positive voltages in combination with high concentrations of extracellular Ca2+ (Ca-o(2+)) or during an AP of the whole cell. The peak values of these Cl- channel currents measured in a patch are such that they can account quantitatively for the peak of the whole cell Cl- excitation current studied under comparable ionic conditions. Furthermore, the short duration of channel activity, as well as the fast rising and somewhat slower trailing kinetics is similar in duration and dynamics to AP-associated changes in membrane permeability of the whole Chara cell to Cl- (PCl-). Taken together, the data stress that the characteristic, transient activation of random numbers of Cl- channels seen in membrane patches is the elementary unit of the Cl- excitation current. However, due to the random nature of this transient activity, gating of Cl- channels can not be explained on the basis of previous models for excitation: gating can neither be due to intrinsic voltage sensitivity of the Cl- channels, nor to a voltage-dependent influx of Ca2+ and subsequent activation of Ca2+-sensitive Cl- channels. to account for the short life-time and for the randomness of Cl- channel activity, the putative gating factors Ca2+ and voltage must be uncoupled in time. This could be explained by a random release of Ca2+ from stores, the latter being filled in a voltage-sensitive manner via non-specific cation channels from the outside. A 4 pS non-selective cation channel in the plasma membrane may serve this purpose. The 40 pS K+ channel, which becomes transiently active in C. corallina during a cell AP, is an outward rectifier. At negative resting voltages the channel has a low open probability (< < 1%). At voltages reached during an AP the open probability rises significantly reaching half-maximal open probability at -25 mV. The elevated activity of the 40 pS channel associated with membrane excitation relaxes at the end of an AP with a time constant of about 2.5 s. A comparable time constant of 2 s can be obtained for the decay of the transiently elevated permeability of the membrane to K+ (PK+), stressing that the kinetic properties of the 40 pS K+ channel are responsible for the course of whole cell PK+ changes. Voltage sensitivity of the K+ channels suggests that they are activated during an AP by the drop in membrane voltage in order to aid repolarization. However, the rise and decay of PK+ during an AP also shares similarity with the timecourse of transient changes in cytoplasmic concentration of free Ca2+, [Ca2+](cyt), the latter being measured in parallel experiments with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, Fura-P, in excited C. corallina cells. This similarity could suggest that gating of the 40 pS K+ channel is also sensitive to [Ca2+](cyt) and that the latter sensitivity is rate-limiting for activity during an AP. AD - Thiel, G Univ Gottingen,Inst Pflanzenphysiol,D-3400 Gottingen,Germany Univ Gottingen,Inst Pflanzenphysiol,D-3400 Gottingen,Germany Christian Albrechts Univ Kiel,Inst Angew Phys,D-2300 Kiel,Germany AN - ISI:A1997XB82500023 AU - Thiel, G. AU - Homann, U. AU - Plieth, C. DA - Mar DO - 10.1093/Jxb/48.Special_Issue.609 J2 - J Exp Bot KW - chara action potential (clamp) membrane excitation cl- channel k+ channel ca2+ tonoplast-free cells nitellopsis-obtusa plasma-membrane electrogenic pump potassium currents chloride channels internodal cells patch-clamp k+-channel cl efflux L1 - internal-pdf://3130390644/Thiel-1997-Ion channel activity during the act.pdf LA - English N1 - Sp. Iss. SI Xb825 Times Cited:39 Cited References Count:74 ://A1997XB82500023 http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/Special_Issue/609.full.pdf PY - 1997 SN - 0022-0957 SP - 609-622 ST - Ion channel activity during the action potential in Chara: New insights with new techniques T2 - Journal of Experimental Botany TI - Ion channel activity during the action potential in Chara: New insights with new techniques VL - 48 ID - 93 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Molecules and cells are the signalling elements in microcircuits. Recent studies have uncovered bewildering diversity in postsynaptic signalling properties in all areas of the vertebrate nervous system. Major effort is now being invested in establishing the specialized signalling properties at the cellular and molecular levels in microcircuits in specific brain regions. This review is part of the TINS Microcircuits Special Feature. AD - Laboratory for Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland. AN - 16112756 AU - Toledo-Rodriguez, M. AU - El Manira, A. AU - Wallen, P. AU - Svirskis, G. AU - Hounsgaard, J. DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.tins.2005.08.001 J2 - Trends in neurosciences KW - Animals Ion Channel Gating/physiology Ion Channels/classification/physiology Nerve Net/*physiology Neural Networks (Computer) Signal Transduction/*physiology Synaptic Transmission/*physiology M1 - 10 N1 - Toledo-Rodriguez, Maria El Manira, Abdeljabbar Wallen, Peter Svirskis, Gytis Hounsgaard, Jorn eng Review England 2005/08/23 09:00 Trends Neurosci. 2005 Oct;28(10):534-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16112756 PY - 2005 SN - 0166-2236 (Print) 0166-2236 (Linking) SP - 534-40 ST - Cellular signalling properties in microcircuits T2 - Trends Neurosci TI - Cellular signalling properties in microcircuits VL - 28 ID - 166 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Yale Univ,Dept Biol,New Haven,Ct 06520 AN - ISI:A1978EJ07700008 AU - Vélez, S. J. AU - Wyman, R. J. J2 - J Neurophysiol LA - English M1 - 1 N1 - Ej077 Times Cited:31 Cited References Count:29 PY - 1978 SN - 0022-3077 SP - 75-84 ST - Synaptic connectivity in a crayfish neuromuscular system: 1. Gradient of innervation and synaptic strength T2 - Journal of neurophysiology TI - Synaptic connectivity in a crayfish neuromuscular system: 1. Gradient of innervation and synaptic strength UR - http://jn.physiology.org/content/41/1/75.long VL - 41 ID - 95 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Yale Univ,Dept Biol,New Haven,Ct 06520 AN - ISI:A1978EJ07700009 AU - Vélez, S. J. AU - Wyman, R. J. J2 - J Neurophysiol LA - English M1 - 1 N1 - Ej077 Times Cited:24 Cited References Count:17 PY - 1978 SN - 0022-3077 SP - 85-96 ST - Synaptic connectivity in a crayfish neuromuscular system: 2. Nerve-muscle matching and nerve branching patterns T2 - Journal of neurophysiology TI - Synaptic connectivity in a crayfish neuromuscular system: 2. Nerve-muscle matching and nerve branching patterns UR - http://jn.physiology.org/content/41/1/85.long VL - 41 ID - 96 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Van Harreveld, A. DO - 10.3181/00379727-34-8647C J2 - Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. M1 - 4 N1 - Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.) 10.3181/00379727-34-8647C http://ebm.rsmjournals.com/content/34/4/428.short PY - 1936 SP - 428-432 ST - A physiological solution for freshwater crustaceans T2 - Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine TI - A physiological solution for freshwater crustaceans VL - 34 ID - 94 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vescovi, Paul J. AU - Macmillan, David L. AU - Simmers, A. John DO - 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19971015)279:3<228::AID-JEZ4>3.0.CO;2-P J2 - J. Exp. Zool. M1 - 3 PY - 1997 SN - 1097-010X SP - 228-242 ST - Muscle receptor organs of the crayfish, Cherax destructor: Input to telson motor neurons T2 - Journal of Experimental Zoology TI - Muscle receptor organs of the crayfish, Cherax destructor: Input to telson motor neurons VL - 279 ID - 237 ER - TY - JOUR AB - All the classical transmitter ligand molecules evolved at least 1000 million years ago. With the possible exception of the Porifera and coelenterates (Cnidaria), they occur in all the remaining phyla. All transmitters have evolved the ability to activate a range of ion channels, resulting in excitation, inhibition and biphasic or multiphasic responses. All transmitters can be synthesised in all three basic types of neurones, i.e. sensory, interneurone and motoneurone. However their relative importance as sensory, interneurone or motor transmitters varies widely between the phyla. It is likely that all neurones contain more than one type of releasable molecule, often a combination of a classical transmitter and a neuroactive peptide. Second messengers, i.e. G proteins and phospholipase C systems, appeared early in evolution and occur in all phyla that have been investigated. Although the evidence is incomplete, it is likely that all the classical transmitter receptor subtypes identified in mammals, also occur throughout the phyla. The invertebrate receptors so far cloned show some interesting homologies both between those from different invertebrate phyla and with mammalian receptors. This indicates that many of the basic receptor subtypes, including benzodiazepine subunits, evolved ar an early period, probably at least 800 million years ago. Overall, the evidence stresses the similarity between the major phyla rather than their differences, supporting a common origin from primitive helminth stock. AD - Walker, RJ Univ Southampton,Dept Physiol & Pharmacol,Bassett Crescent E,Southampton So16 7px,Hants,England Univ Southampton,Dept Physiol & Pharmacol,Bassett Crescent E,Southampton So16 7px,Hants,England AN - ISI:A1996WL06700001 AU - Walker, R. J. AU - Brooks, H. L. AU - Holden-Dye, L. DO - 10.1017/S0031182000077878 J2 - Parasitology KW - transmitters receptors ion channels evolution second messengers nervous system nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor gamma-aminobutyric-acid central-nervous-system nitric-oxide synthase insect motor-neuron cell-body membrane cockroach periplaneta-americana caenorhabditis-elegans rna protein-coupled receptors glr-1 glutamate-receptor LA - English N1 - Suppl. S Wl067 Times Cited:60 Cited References Count:221 ://A1996WL06700001 PY - 1996 SN - 0031-1820 SP - S3-S33 ST - Evolution and overview of classical transmitter molecules and their receptors T2 - Parasitology TI - Evolution and overview of classical transmitter molecules and their receptors VL - 113 ID - 100 ER - TY - JOUR AN - ISI:A19679816100018 AU - Wallin, B. G. DO - 10.1111/J.1748-1716.1967.Tb03641.X J2 - Acta Physiol Scand LA - English M1 - 3-4 N1 - 98161 Times Cited:11 Cited References Count:37 ://A19679816100018 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03641.x/abstract PY - 1967 SN - 0001-6772 SP - 431-448 ST - Relation between external potasium concentration, membrane potential, and internal ion concentrations in crayfish axons T2 - Acta Physiologica Scandinavica TI - Relation between external potasium concentration, membrane potential, and internal ion concentrations in crayfish axons VL - 70 ID - 102 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Walsh, K. A. AU - Macmillan, D. L. AU - Bourke, D. W. J2 - Anglais LA - 0193-0818 M1 - 1-2 N1 - The only online reference I can find is: http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/alcohol_studies/alcohol/ambersearch3.php?query=Research+Communications+in+Substances+of+Abuse+15&query2=&sset=8&maxnum=1&field=Other_Cit_Det&field2=&booltype=&format=&population=&briefform=no PY - 1994 SP - 9-20 ST - The effect of ethanol on the dynamic response of a mechanoreceptor neuron T2 - Research Communications in Substances of Abuse TI - The effect of ethanol on the dynamic response of a mechanoreceptor neuron VL - 15 ID - 238 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Cell-attached and whole cell recording techniques were used to study the effects of electrogenic sodium pump on the excitability of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons. Blocking the sodium pump with the cardiac steroid strophanthidin or zero K+ increased the spontaneous firing of SCN neurons to different degrees with different recording modes, whereas turning the sodium pump into a nonselective cation channel with the marine toxin palytoxin invariably increased the spontaneous firing to the point of total blockade. Current-clamp recordings indicated that strophanthidin increased the rate of membrane depolarization and reduced the peak afterhyperpolarization potential (AHP), whereas zero K+ also increased the rate of depolarization, but enhanced the peak AHP. The dual effect of zero K+ was reflected by the biphasic time course of voltage responses to zero K+: an inhibitory phase with enhanced peak AHP and slower firing, followed by a delayed excitatory phase with faster rate of membrane depolarization and faster firing. In the presence of strophanthidin to block the sodium pump, zero K+ consistently decreased firing by enhancing the peak AHP. Repetitive applications of K+-free solution gradually turned the biphasic inhibitory-followed-by-excitatory voltage response into a monophasic inhibitory response in cells recorded with the whole cell (but not the cell-attached) mode, suggesting rundown of sodium pump activity. Taken together, the results suggest that spontaneous firing of SCN neurons is regulated by sodium pump activity as well as the AHP, and that sodium pump activity is modulated by intracellular soluble substances subject to rundown under the whole cell conditions. AD - Huang, RC Chang Gung Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, 259 Wen Hwa 1st Rd,Kwei San, Tao Yuan, Taiwan Chang Gung Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, 259 Wen Hwa 1st Rd,Kwei San, Tao Yuan, Taiwan Chang Gung Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Tao Yuan, Taiwan AN - ISI:000238262400012 AU - Wang, Y. C. AU - Huang, R. C. DA - Jul DO - 10.1152/Jn.01369.2005 J2 - J Neurophysiol KW - na/k pump circadian dynamics palytoxin cells modulation invitro na,k-atpase mechanisms channels ligands L1 - internal-pdf://2953234494/Wang-2006-Effects of sodium pump activity on s.pdf LA - English M1 - 1 N1 - 052VQ Times Cited:13 Cited References Count:38 ://000238262400012 http://jn.physiology.org/content/jn/96/1/109.full.pdf PY - 2006 SN - 0022-3077 SP - 109-118 ST - Effects of sodium pump activity on spontaneous firing in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus T2 - Journal of neurophysiology TI - Effects of sodium pump activity on spontaneous firing in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus VL - 96 ID - 105 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The transmission and processing of pain signals relies critically on the activities of ion channels that are expressed in afferent pain fibers. This includes voltage-gated channels, as well as background (or leak) channels that collectively regulate resting membrane potential and action potential firing properties. Dysregulated ion channel expression in response to nerve injury and inflammation results in enhanced neuronal excitability that underlies chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Pharmacological modulators of ion channels, particularly those that target channels on peripheral neurons, are being pursued as possible analgesics. Over the past few years, a number of different types of ion channels have been implicated in afferent pain signaling. Here we give an overview of recent advances on sodium, calcium, potassium and chloride channels that are emerging as especially attractive targets for the treatment of pain. AD - 1] Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [2] Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. AN - 24473263 AU - Waxman, S. G. AU - Zamponi, G. W. DA - Feb DO - 10.1038/nn.3602 KW - Afferent Pathways/*physiopathology Animals Humans Ion Channels/*physiology Pain/*pathology Peripheral Nerves/*physiopathology M1 - 2 N1 - Waxman, Stephen G Zamponi, Gerald W eng Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review 2014/01/30 06:00 Nat Neurosci. 2014 Feb;17(2):153-63. doi: 10.1038/nn.3602. Epub 2014 Jan 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24473263 PY - 2014 SN - 1546-1726 (Electronic) 1097-6256 (Linking) SP - 153-63 ST - Regulating excitability of peripheral afferents: Emerging ion channel targets T2 - Nature Neuroscience TI - Regulating excitability of peripheral afferents: Emerging ion channel targets VL - 17 ID - 142 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Wayne, R Cornell Univ,Plant Biol Sect,Ithaca,Ny 14853 Cornell Univ,Plant Biol Sect,Ithaca,Ny 14853 AN - ISI:A1993KU20600017 AU - Wayne, R. DA - Mar-Apr J2 - Am Sci KW - characeae calcium LA - English M1 - 2 N1 - Ku206 Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:20 PY - 1993 SN - 0003-0996 SP - 140-151 ST - Excitability in plant cells T2 - American Scientist TI - Excitability in plant cells UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/29774870 VL - 81 ID - 107 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This review describes the basic principles of electrophysiology using the generation of an action potential in characean internodal cells as a pedagogical tool. Electrophysiology has proven to be a powerful tool in understanding animal physiology and development, yet it has been virtually neglected in the study of plant physiology and development. This review is, in essence, a written account of my personal journey over the past five years to understand the basic principles of electrophysiology so that I can apply them to the study of plant physiology and development. My formal background is in classical botany and cell biology. I have learned electrophysiology by reading many books on physics written for the lay person and by talking informally with many patient biophysicists. I have written this review for the botanist who is unfamiliar with the basics of membrane biology but would like to know that she or he can become familiar with the latest information without much effort. I also wrote it for the neurophysiologist who is proficient in membrane biology but knows little about plant biology (but may want to teach one lecture on ''plant action potentials''). And lastly, I wrote this for people interested in the history of science and how the studies of electrical and chemical communication in physiology and development progressed in the botanical and zoological disciplines. AD - Wayne, R Cornell Univ,Plant Biol Sect,Ithaca,Ny 14853, USA Cornell Univ,Plant Biol Sect,Ithaca,Ny 14853, USA AN - ISI:A1994PN09700001 AU - Wayne, R. DA - Jul-Sep DO - 10.1007/Bf02960261 J2 - Bot Rev KW - tonoplast-free cells dionaea-muscipula ellis reduced gravitational-field electrogenic pump activity rna gene-sequences klein ex willd nitellopsis-obtusa action-potentials k+-channel plasma-membrane LA - English M1 - 3 N1 - Pn097 Times Cited:35 Cited References Count:590 ://A1994PN09700001 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02960261 PY - 1994 SN - 0006-8101 SP - 265-367 ST - The excitability of plant cells: With a special emphasis on characean internodal cells T2 - Botanical Review TI - The excitability of plant cells: With a special emphasis on characean internodal cells VL - 60 ID - 108 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Welsh, J.H. AU - Smith, R.I. AU - Kammer, A.E. CY - Minneapolis PB - Burgess Publishing Company PY - 1968 SP - 85-87 ST - Laboratory Exercises in Invertebrate Physiology TI - Laboratory Exercises in Invertebrate Physiology ID - 240 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Years of intensive investigation have yielded a sophisticated understanding of long-term potentiation (LTP) induced in hippocampal area CA1 by high-frequency stimulation (HFS). These efforts have been motivated by the belief that similar synaptic modifications occur during memory formation, but it has never been shown that learning actually induces LTP in CA1. We found that one-trial inhibitory avoidance learning in rats produced the same changes in hippocampal glutamate receptors as induction of LTP with HFS and caused a spatially restricted increase in the amplitude of evoked synaptic transmission in CA1 in vivo. Because the learning-induced synaptic potentiation occluded HFS-induced LTP, we conclude that inhibitory avoidance training induces LTP in CA1. AD - Bear, Mf MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Picower Inst Learning & Memory, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Picower Inst Learning & Memory, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Picower Inst Learning & Memory, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Brown Univ, Dept Neurosci, Providence, RI 02912 USA AN - ISI:000239998200038 AU - Whitlock, J. R. AU - Heynen, A. J. AU - Shuler, M. G. AU - Bear, M. F. DA - Aug 25 DO - 10.1126/Science.1128134 J2 - Science KW - synaptic transmission field potentials memory consolidation brain temperature passive-avoidance perforant path fascia-dentata glur1 subunit enhancement rats LA - English M1 - 5790 N1 - 076ZT Times Cited:458 Cited References Count:36 ://000239998200038 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5790/1093 PY - 2006 SN - 0036-8075 SP - 1093-1097 ST - Learning induces long-term potentiation in the hippocampus T2 - Science TI - Learning induces long-term potentiation in the hippocampus VL - 313 ID - 109 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wiersma, C.A.G. AU - Furshpan, E. AU - Florey, E. PY - 1953 SP - 136-150 ST - Physiological and pharmacological observations on muscle receptor organs of the crayfish, Cambarus clarkii Girard T2 - Journal of Experimental Biology TI - Physiological and pharmacological observations on muscle receptor organs of the crayfish, Cambarus clarkii Girard UR - http://jeb.biologists.org/content/30/1/136 VL - 30 ID - 239 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Lebanon Valley Coll,Annville,Pa 17003 AN - ISI:A1976BV49000004 AU - Williams, S. E. J2 - P Am Philos Soc LA - English M1 - 3 N1 - Bv490 Times Cited:21 Cited References Count:45 PY - 1976 SN - 0003-049X SP - 187-204 ST - Comparative sensory physiology of droseraceae—Evolution of a plant sensory system T2 - Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society TI - Comparative sensory physiology of droseraceae—Evolution of a plant sensory system UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/986558 VL - 120 ID - 113 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Stanford Univ,Dept Psychol,Stanford,Ca 94305 Stanford Univ,Dept Biol Sci,Stanford,Ca 94305 AN - ISI:A1974U207100004 AU - Wine, J. J. AU - Mittenthal, J. E. AU - Kennedy, D. DO - 10.1007/BF00606800 J2 - J Comp Physiol LA - English M1 - 4 N1 - U2071 Times Cited:87 Cited References Count:36 ://A1974U207100004 PY - 1974 SP - 315-335 ST - Structure of tonic flexor motoneurons in crayfish abdominal ganglia T2 - Journal of Comparative Physiology TI - Structure of tonic flexor motoneurons in crayfish abdominal ganglia VL - 93 ID - 115 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This brief review is intended to serve as a refresher on the ideas associated with teaching students the physiological basis of the resting membrane potential. The presentation is targeted toward first-year medical students, first-year graduate students, or senior undergraduates. The emphasis is on general concepts associated with generation of the electrical potential difference that exists across the plasma membrane of every animal cell. The intention is to provide students a general view of the quantitative relationship that exists between 1) transmembrane gradients for K+ and Na+ and 2) the relative channel-mediated permeability of the membrane to these ions. AD - Wright, SH Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Dept Physiol, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Dept Physiol, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Dept Physiol, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA AN - ISI:000225109600004 AU - Wright, S. H. DA - Dec DO - 10.1152/Advan.00029.2004 J2 - Adv Physiol Educ KW - nernst equation goldman equation electrical potential difference L1 - internal-pdf://4084960732/Wright-2004-Generation of resting membrane pot.pdf LA - English M1 - 4 N1 - 871DN Times Cited:11 Cited References Count:0 ://000225109600004 http://advan.physiology.org/content/ajpadvan/28/4/139.full.pdf PY - 2004 SN - 1043-4046 SP - 139-142 ST - Generation of resting membrane potential T2 - Advances in Physiology Education TI - Generation of resting membrane potential VL - 28 ID - 116 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Repetitive nerve activity induces various forms of short-term synaptic plasticity that have important computational roles in neuronal networks. Several forms of short-term plasticity are caused largely by changes in transmitter release, but the mechanisms that underlie these changes in the release process have been difficult to address. Recent studies of a giant synapse - the calyx of Held - have shed new light on this issue. Recordings of Ca(2+) currents or Ca(2+) concentrations at nerve terminals reveal that regulation of presynaptic Ca(2+) channels has a significant role in three important forms of short-term plasticity: short-term depression, facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation. AD - National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. AN - 17466513 AU - Xu, J. AU - He, L. AU - Wu, L. G. DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/j.conb.2007.04.005 J2 - Current opinion in neurobiology KW - Animals Calcium Channels/*physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation Electric Stimulation Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism Synapses/*physiology Time Factors M1 - 3 N1 - Xu, Jianhua He, Liming Wu, Ling-Gang eng Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural Review England 2007/05/01 09:00 Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2007 Jun;17(3):352-9. Epub 2007 Apr 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17466513 PY - 2007 SN - 0959-4388 (Print) 0959-4388 (Linking) SP - 352-9 ST - Role of Ca2+ channels in short-term synaptic plasticity T2 - Curr Opin Neurobiol TI - Role of Ca2+ channels in short-term synaptic plasticity VL - 17 ID - 130 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. mx@buffalo.edu AN - 23471260 AU - Xu-Friedman, M. A. DA - Mar DO - 10.1152/advan.00106.2012 J2 - Advances in physiology education KW - Humans *Models, Neurological Neurobiology/*education/methods Neurotransmitter Agents/*physiology Poisson Distribution *Students Synapses/*physiology M1 - 1 N1 - Xu-Friedman, Matthew A eng 2013/03/09 06:00 Adv Physiol Educ. 2013 Mar;37(1):112-6. doi: 10.1152/advan.00106.2012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23471260 PY - 2013 SN - 1522-1229 (Electronic) 1043-4046 (Linking) SP - 112-6 ST - Illustrating concepts of quantal analysis with an intuitive classroom model T2 - Adv Physiol Educ TI - Illustrating concepts of quantal analysis with an intuitive classroom model VL - 37 ID - 218 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Synaptic ultrastructure is critical to many basic hypotheses about synaptic transmission. Various aspects of synaptic ultrastructure have also been implicated in the mechanisms of short-term plasticity. These forms of plasticity can greatly affect synaptic strength during ongoing activity. We review the evidence for how synaptic ultrastructure may contribute to facilitation, depletion, saturation, and desensitization. AD - Xu-Friedman, MA Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA AN - ISI:000187973900003 AU - Xu-Friedman, M. A. AU - Regehr, W. G. DA - Jan DO - 10.1152/Physrev.00016.2003 J2 - Physiol Rev KW - individual hippocampal synapses cerebellar purkinje-cells glutamate-receptor desensitization retinal bipolar neurons ampa kainate receptors multiple release sites avian cochlear nucleus central-nervous-system gaba mini amplitude climbing fiber L1 - internal-pdf://3289099772/Xu-Friedman-2004-Structural contributions to s.pdf LA - English M1 - 1 N1 - 762LQ Times Cited:62 Cited References Count:137 ://000187973900003 http://physrev.physiology.org/content/physrev/84/1/69.full.pdf PY - 2004 SN - 0031-9333 SP - 69-85 ST - Structural contributions to short-term synaptic plasticity T2 - Physiological Reviews TI - Structural contributions to short-term synaptic plasticity VL - 84 ID - 120 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Voltage-gated Na(+)-permeable (Nav) channels form the basis for electrical excitability in animals. Nav channels evolved from Ca(2+) channels and were present in the common ancestor of choanoflagellates and animals, although this channel was likely permeable to both Na(+) and Ca(2+). Thus, like many other neuronal channels and receptors, Nav channels predated neurons. Invertebrates possess two Nav channels (Nav1 and Nav2), whereas vertebrate Nav channels are of the Nav1 family. Approximately 500 Mya in early chordates Nav channels evolved a motif that allowed them to cluster at axon initial segments, 50 million years later with the evolution of myelin, Nav channels "capitalized" on this property and clustered at nodes of Ranvier. The enhancement of conduction velocity along with the evolution of jaws likely made early gnathostomes fierce predators and the dominant vertebrates in the ocean. Later in vertebrate evolution, the Nav channel gene family expanded in parallel in tetrapods and teleosts ( approximately 9 to 10 genes in amniotes, 8 in teleosts). This expansion occurred during or after the late Devonian extinction, when teleosts and tetrapods each diversified in their respective habitats, and coincided with an increase in the number of telencephalic nuclei in both groups. The expansion of Nav channels may have allowed for more sophisticated neural computation and tailoring of Nav channel kinetics with potassium channel kinetics to enhance energy savings. Nav channels show adaptive sequence evolution for increasing diversity in communication signals (electric fish), in protection against lethal Nav channel toxins (snakes, newts, pufferfish, insects), and in specialized habitats (naked mole rats). AD - Section of Neurobiology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. h.zakon@mail.utexas.edu AN - 22723361 AU - Zakon, H. H. C2 - 3386883 DA - Jun 26 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1201884109 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America KW - *Adaptation, Physiological Amino Acid Sequence Animals Axons *Biological Evolution Gene Duplication/genetics History, Ancient Humans Molecular Sequence Data Sodium Channels/chemistry/*genetics/*history Vertebrates/genetics N1 - Zakon, Harold H eng R01 NS025513/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ Historical Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review 2012/06/23 06:00 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jun 26;109 Suppl 1:10619-25. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1201884109. Epub 2012 Jun 20. PY - 2012 SN - 1091-6490 (Electronic) 0027-8424 (Linking) SP - 10619-25 ST - Adaptive evolution of voltage-gated sodium channels: The first 800 million years T2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A TI - Adaptive evolution of voltage-gated sodium channels: The first 800 million years UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723361 VL - 109 Suppl 1 ID - 304 ER - TY - JOUR AB - From the nervous system of Aplysia, we have cloned a new class of noninactivating K+ channels (aKv5.1) that are activated at low voltage and are capable of contributing to the resting potential and fi ring patterns of neurons. Expression of aKv5.1 in Aplysia neuron R15 revealed that aKv5.1 exerts an unusual control over cell excitability; it increased the resting potential by more than 20 mV and abolished the spontaneous bursting activity of the cell. In its ability to suppress the endogenous rhythm of R15, aKv5.1 differs in its actions from transient, inactivating K+ channels such as aKv1.1a, an Aplysia homolog of Shaker. aKv1.1a shortens the duration of the spike and increases the afterpotential, but does not suppress bursting. Thus, by expressing different classes of K+ channels, it is possible to redesign, in specific ways, the signaling capabilities of specific, identified neurons. AD - Columbia Univ,Coll Phys & Surg,Howard Hughes Med Inst,New York,Ny 10027 Columbia Univ,Coll Phys & Surg,Ctr Neurobiol & Behav,New York,Ny 10027 AN - ISI:A1994PU76300016 AU - Zhao, B. AU - Rassendren, F. AU - Kaang, B. K. AU - Furukawa, Y. AU - Kubo, T. AU - Kandel, E. R. DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/0896-6273(94)90058-2 J2 - Neuron KW - potassium channel functional expression nervous-system rat-brain drosophila family shaker gene cloning diversity LA - English M1 - 5 N1 - Pu763 Times Cited:49 Cited References Count:32 PY - 1994 SN - 0896-6273 SP - 1205-1213 ST - A new class of noninactivating K+ channels from Aplysia capable of contributing to the resting potential and firing patterns of neurons T2 - Neuron TI - A new class of noninactivating K+ channels from Aplysia capable of contributing to the resting potential and firing patterns of neurons VL - 13 ID - 121 ER - TY - CHAP A2 - Byrne, John H A2 - Roberts, James L AU - Zucker, R. S. AU - Kullmann, D.M. AU - Schwartz, T.L. CY - San Diego PB - Academic Press PY - 2009 SP - 255-258 ST - Release of neurotransmitters T2 - From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience TI - Release of neurotransmitters UR - http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0080920837 ID - 220 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Synaptic transmission is a dynamic process. Postsynaptic responses wax and wane as presynaptic activity evolves. This prominent characteristic of chemical synaptic transmission is a crucial determinant of the response properties of synapses and, in turn, of the stimulus properties selected by neural networks and of the patterns of activity generated by those networks. This review focuses on synaptic changes that result from prior activity in the synapse under study, and is restricted to short-term effects that last for at most a few minutes. Forms of synaptic enhancement, such as facilitation, augmentation, and post-tetanic potentiation, are usually attributed to effects of a residual elevation in presynaptic [Ca2+](i), acting on one or more molecular targets that appear to be distinct from the secretory trigger responsible for fast exocytosis and phasic release of transmitter to single action potentials. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis, and the origins of the different kinetic phases of synaptic enhancement, as well as the interpretation of statistical changes in transmitter release and roles played by other factors such as alterations in presynaptic Ca2+ influx or postsynaptic levels of [Ca2+](i). Synaptic depression dominates enhancement at many synapses. Depression is usually attributed to depletion of some pool of readily releasable vesicles, and various forms of the depletion model are discussed. Depression can also arise from feedback activation of presynaptic receptors and from postsynaptic processes such as receptor desensitization. In addition, glial-neuronal interactions can contribute to short-term synaptic plasticity. Finally, we summarize the recent literature on putative molecular players in synaptic plasticity and the effects of genetic manipulations and other modulatory influences. AD - Zucker, RS Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA AN - ISI:000174713000014 AU - Zucker, R. S. AU - Regehr, W. G. DO - 10.1146/Annurev.Physiol.64.092501.114547 J2 - Annu Rev Physiol KW - synapse facilitation post-tetanic potentiation depression augmentation calcium frog neuromuscular-junction motor-nerve terminals cultured hippocampal-neurons paired-pulse facilitation squid giant synapse readily releasable pool gill-withdrawal reflex retinal bipolar cells saccular hair-cells rat brain-stem LA - English N1 - 536QH Times Cited:1273 Cited References Count:358 ://000174713000014 http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.092501.114547 PY - 2002 SN - 0066-4278 SP - 355-405 ST - Short-term synaptic plasticity T2 - Annual review of physiology TI - Short-term synaptic plasticity VL - 64 ID - 122 ER -