@article{
author = {Abbott, L. F. and Regehr, W. G.},
title = {Synaptic computation},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {431},
number = {7010},
pages = {796-803},
note = {Abbott, L F
Regehr, Wade G
eng
Review
England
2004/10/16 09:00
Nature. 2004 Oct 14;431(7010):796-803.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15483601},
abstract = {Neurons are often considered to be the computational engines of the brain, with synapses acting solely as conveyers of information. But the diverse types of synaptic plasticity and the range of timescales over which they operate suggest that synapses have a more active role in information processing. Long-term changes in the transmission properties of synapses provide a physiological substrate for learning and memory, whereas short-term changes support a variety of computations. By expressing several forms of synaptic plasticity, a single neuron can convey an array of different signals to the neural circuit in which it operates.},
keywords = {Animals
Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology
Neurons/cytology/physiology
Sound Localization/physiology
Synapses/*physiology
Synaptic Transmission/physiology},
ISSN = {1476-4687 (Electronic)
0028-0836 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1038/nature03010},
year = {2004},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Adams, D. J. and Smith, S. J. and Thompson, S. H.},
title = {Ionic currents in molluscan soma},
journal = {Annual review of neuroscience},
volume = {3},
pages = {141-67},
note = {Adams, D J
Smith, S J
Thompson, S H
Annu Rev Neurosci. 1980;3:141-67.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6251744
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ne.03.030180.001041},
keywords = {Animals
Aplysia/physiology
Calcium/metabolism
Cell Membrane Permeability
Egtazic Acid/pharmacology
Ganglia/cytology/physiology
Helix (Snails)/physiology
Ion Channels/drug effects/*physiology
Membrane Potentials
Mollusca/*physiology
Neurons/*physiology
Potassium/metabolism
Sodium/metabolism
Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology},
ISSN = {0147-006X (Print)
0147-006X (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1146/annurev.ne.03.030180.001041},
year = {1980},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Adams, M. E. and Olivera, B. M.},
title = {Neurotoxins: Overview of an emerging research technology},
journal = {Trends in neurosciences},
volume = {17},
number = {4},
pages = {151-5},
note = {Adams, M E
Olivera, B M
ENGLAND
Trends Neurosci. 1994 Apr;17(4):151-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7517594},
abstract = {Neurotoxins have highly specific actions on molecular targets, and thus offer an effective means of characterizing the growing number of identified ion channels and receptors in the nervous system. This article and the Neurotoxins Supplement accompanying this issue of TINS provide a convenient reference source to facilitate the use of toxins as selective, diagnostic ligands in research. However, while many toxins exert potent actions on target receptors, it must be emphasized that their effects can be complex, and certain general pitfalls often become apparent. Some examples will be given illustrating these complexities and their impact on experimental interpretation. In addition, the potential for the purposeful creation of new 'designer' toxins using molecular cloning will also be addressed.},
keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Cloning, Molecular
DNA, Recombinant
Drug Design
Invertebrates/metabolism
Ion Channels/drug effects
Mammals/metabolism
Molecular Sequence Data
Neurons/drug effects/metabolism
Neurophysiology/*methods
*Neurotoxins/chemistry/classification/isolation &
purification/metabolism/pharmacology/toxicity
Protein Binding
Protein Engineering
Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
Substrate Specificity
Venoms/chemistry},
ISSN = {0166-2236 (Print)
0166-2236 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/0166-2236(94)90092-2},
year = {1994},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Adams, M.E. and Swanson, G.J.},
title = {Neurotoxins},
journal = {Trends in neurosciences},
volume = {19 Supplement},
pages = {S1-S36},
note = {http://books.google.com/books?id=vE4mYAAACAAJ},
year = {1996},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Aidley, D.J.},
title = {The Physiology of Excitable Cells},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge},
edition = {4},
pages = {46-49},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=3JgC_rE8ZVwC},
year = {1998},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Aidley, D.J.},
title = {The Physiology of Excitable Cells},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge},
edition = {4},
pages = {46-49, 52-53},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=3JgC_rE8ZVwC},
year = {1998},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Aidley, D.J.},
title = {The Physiology of Excitable Cells},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge},
edition = {4},
pages = {21},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=3JgC_rE8ZVwC},
year = {1998},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Ashcroft, F. M.},
title = {From molecule to malady},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {440},
number = {7083},
pages = {440-7},
note = {Ashcroft, Frances M
eng
Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
2006/03/24 09:00
Nature. 2006 Mar 23;440(7083):440-7.},
abstract = {Ion channels are membrane proteins, found in virtually all cells, that are of crucial physiological importance. In the past decade, an explosion in the number of crystal structures of ion channels has led to a marked increase in our understanding of how ion channels open and close, and select between permeant ions. There has been a parallel advance in research on channelopathies (diseases resulting from impaired channel function), and mutations in over 60 ion-channel genes are now known to cause human disease. Characterization of their functional consequences has afforded unprecedented and unexpected insights into ion-channel mechanisms and physiological roles.},
keywords = {Animals
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Humans
Ion Channel Gating
Ion Channels/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism
Mutation
Protein Conformation
Protein Subunits/chemistry},
ISSN = {1476-4687 (Electronic)
0028-0836 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1038/nature04707},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16554803},
year = {2006},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Atwood, H. L.},
title = {Organization and synaptic physiology of crustacean neuromuscular systems},
journal = {Progress in Neurobiology},
volume = {7},
number = {Pt 4},
pages = {291-391},
note = {Atwood, H L
eng
ENGLAND
1976/01/01
Prog Neurobiol. 1976;7(Pt 4):291-391.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12537},
keywords = {Action Potentials
Axons/physiology
Calcium/metabolism
Crustacea/*physiology
Humans
Muscles/innervation
Neural Inhibition
Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology
Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure},
ISSN = {0301-0082 (Print)
0301-0082 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/0301-0082(76)90009-5},
year = {1976},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Atwood, H.L.},
title = {Synapses and neurotransmitters},
booktitle = {The Biology of Crustacea, Vol. 3, Neurobiology: Structure and Function},
editor = {Atwood, H.L. and Sandeman, D.C.},
publisher = {Academic Press},
address = {New York},
volume = {3},
chapter = {3},
note = {pp. 105-150},
year = {1982},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Atwood, H.L.},
title = {Parallel ‘phasic’ and ‘tonic’ motor systems of the crayfish abdomen},
journal = {J Exp Biol},
volume = {211},
number = {Pt 14},
pages = {2193-5},
note = {Atwood, Harold
eng
Biography
Historical Article
England
2008/07/01 09:00
J Exp Biol. 2008 Jul;211(Pt 14):2193-5. doi: 10.1242/jeb.010868.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18587112},
keywords = {Abdominal Muscles/anatomy & histology/*innervation/physiology
Animals
Astacoidea/anatomy & histology/*physiology
History, 20th Century
Motor Activity/*physiology
Motor Neurons/physiology
Neuroanatomy/*history},
ISSN = {0022-0949 (Print)
0022-0949 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1242/jeb.010868},
year = {2008},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Bailey, Craig H. and Chen, Mary},
title = {Morphological aspects of synaptic plasticity in Aplysia an anatomical substrate for long-term memory},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {627},
number = {1},
pages = {181-196},
note = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25924.x
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25924.x/abstract},
ISSN = {1749-6632},
DOI = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25924.x},
year = {1991},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Baker, P. F. and Hodgkin, A. L. and Shaw, T. I.},
title = {The effects of changes in internal ionic concentrations on the electrical properties of perfused giant axons},
journal = {The Journal of physiology},
volume = {164},
pages = {355-74},
note = {BAKER, P F
HODGKIN, A L
SHAW, T I
Not Available
J Physiol. 1962 Nov;164:355-74.
http://jp.physoc.org/content/164/2/355.full.pdf},
keywords = {*Axons
*Cytoplasm
*Isotonic Solutions
*Potassium
*Sodium},
ISSN = {0022-3751 (Print)
0022-3751 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13969165},
year = {1962},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Bao, Jian-Xin and Kandel, Eric R. and Hawkins, Robert D.},
title = {Involvement of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms in posttetanic potentiation at Aplysia synapses},
journal = {Science},
volume = {275},
number = {5302},
pages = {969-973},
note = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5302/969.abstract
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5302/969},
abstract = {Posttetanic potentiation (PTP) is a common form of short-term synaptic plasticity that is generally thought to be entirely presynaptic. Consistent with that idea, PTP of evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials at Aplysia sensory-motor neuron synapses in cell culture was reduced by presynaptic injection of a slow calcium chelator and was accompanied by an increase in the frequency but not the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials. However, PTP was also reduced by postsynaptic injection of a rapid calcium chelator or postsynaptic hyperpolarization. Thus, PTP at these synapses is likely to involve a postsynaptic induction mechanism in addition to the known presynaptic mechanisms.},
DOI = {10.1126/science.275.5302.969},
year = {1997},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Barthe, Jean-Yves and Bevengut, Michelle and Clarac, F.},
title = {In vitro protolin and serotonin induced modulations of the abdominal motor system activities in crayfish},
journal = {Brain Research},
volume = {623},
number = {1},
pages = {101-109},
note = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000689939390016G},
abstract = {An in vitro thoraco-abdominal preparation of the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) ventral nerve cord was used to study the sites of action and the effects of proctolin and serotonin on the nervous activities of the two abdominal motor systems, namely the swimmeret and the abdominal positioning systems. In this preparation spontaneous motor activity was recorded corresponding to continuous rhythmic bursts in the swimmeret motor nerves and tonic discharge of motoneurons in both abdominal extensor and flexor motor nerves. Proctolin applied on the abdominal ganglia elicited bursts of spikes in the flexor motor nerve which were able to disturb and even stop the swimmeret activity. Increasing concentrations of serotonin applied on the thoracic ganglia were able, first, to increase the period durations of the swimmeret bursting activity and, second, to stop it. In this last condition, continuous swimmeret activity resumed by application of proctolin on the abdominal ganglia although period durations stayed slightly longer than in control. The actions of serotonin and proctolin on the two abdominal motor systems were discussed in terms of modulations and interactions between central neuronal networks and behaviors.},
keywords = {Thoraco-abdominal preparation
Motor activity
Swimmeret system
Abdominal positioning system
Serotonin
Proctolin
In vitro
Procambarus clarkii (G.)},
ISSN = {0006-8993},
DOI = {10.1016/0006-8993(93)90016-G},
year = {1993},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Baxter, D. A. and Bittner, G. D. and Brown, T. H.},
title = {Quantal mechanism of long-term synaptic potentiation},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {82},
number = {17},
pages = {5978-82},
note = {Baxter, D A
Bittner, G D
Brown, T H
NS18861/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
NS21561/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Sep;82(17):5978-82.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862111},
abstract = {Intracellular recordings were used to demonstrate the occurrence and to analyze the microphysiology of long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) in the crayfish opener neuromuscular synapse. Brief stimulation of the single excitor motor axon enhanced the amplitudes of subsequent postsynaptic potentials for several hours. Three methods of quantal analysis were used to evaluate the mechanism responsible for LTP. The results of all three methods supported predictions of the hypothesis that LTP results from a presynaptic mechanism that increases the average of neurotransmitter quanta evoked by nerve impulses in the excitor axon.},
keywords = {Animals
Astacoidea/physiology
Membrane Potentials
Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology
Neuronal Plasticity
Synapses/*physiology
Time Factors},
ISSN = {0027-8424 (Print)
0027-8424 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/82/17/5978.full.pdf},
year = {1985},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Bean, B. P.},
title = {The action potential in mammalian central neurons},
journal = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience},
volume = {8},
number = {6},
pages = {451-65},
note = {Bean, Bruce P
eng
NS36855/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Review
England
2007/05/22 09:00
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Jun;8(6):451-65.},
abstract = {The action potential of the squid giant axon is formed by just two voltage-dependent conductances in the cell membrane, yet mammalian central neurons typically express more than a dozen different types of voltage-dependent ion channels. This rich repertoire of channels allows neurons to encode information by generating action potentials with a wide range of shapes, frequencies and patterns. Recent work offers an increasingly detailed understanding of how the expression of particular channel types underlies the remarkably diverse firing behaviour of various types of neurons.},
keywords = {Action Potentials/*physiology
Animals
Axons/physiology
Calcium Channels/physiology
Cell Membrane/*physiology
Central Nervous System/*physiology
Humans
Ion Channels/*physiology
Neurons/*physiology/ultrastructure
Potassium Channels/physiology
Sodium Channels/physiology},
ISSN = {1471-003X (Print)
1471-003X (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1038/nrn2148},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17514198},
year = {2007},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Beilby, M. J.},
title = {Action potential in charophytes},
journal = {Int Rev Cytol},
volume = {257},
pages = {43-82},
note = {Beilby, Mary Jane
eng
Review
2007/02/07 09:00
Int Rev Cytol. 2007;257:43-82.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17280895},
abstract = {The plant action potential (AP) has been studied for more than half a century. The experimental system was provided mainly by the large charophyte cells, which allowed insertion of early large electrodes, manipulation of cell compartments, and inside and outside media. These early experiments were inspired by the Hodgkin and Huxley (HH) work on the squid axon and its voltage clamp techniques. Later, the patch clamping technique provided information about the ion transporters underlying the excitation transient. The initial models were also influenced by the HH picture of the animal AP. At the turn of the century, the paradigm of the charophyte AP shifted to include several chemical reactions, second messenger-activated channel, and calcium ion liberation from internal stores. Many aspects of this new model await further clarification. The role of the AP in plant movements, wound signaling, and turgor regulation is now well documented. Involvement in invasion by pathogens, chilling injury, light, and gravity sensing are under investigation.},
keywords = {Action Potentials/*physiology
Animals
Characeae/*physiology
Ion Channel Gating
Ion Channels
Models, Biological},
ISSN = {0074-7696 (Print)
0074-7696 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/S0074-7696(07)57002-6},
year = {2007},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Benson, J.A. and Adams, W.B.},
title = {Ionic mechanisms of endogenous activity in molluscan burster neurons},
booktitle = {Neuronal and cellular oscillators},
editor = {Jacklet, J.W.},
publisher = {Marcel Dekker},
address = {New York},
pages = {87-120},
ISBN = {9780824780302},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=nKjwAAAAMAAJ},
year = {1989},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Bishop, C. A. and Krouse, M. E. and Wine, J. J.},
title = {Peptide cotransmitter potentiates calcium channel activity in crayfish skeletal muscle},
journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {269-76},
note = {Bishop, C A
Krouse, M E
Wine, J J
20557/PHS HHS/
J Neurosci. 1991 Jan;11(1):269-76.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1702465
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/11/1/269.full.pdf},
abstract = {The activity of 2 types of Ca2+ channels (38 and 14 pS in 137 mM Ba2+) in the plasma membrane of the crayfish tonic flexor muscle is modulated by the peptide proctolin. This peptide serves as a cotransmitter in 3 of the 5 excitatory tonic flexor motoneurons and greatly enhances tension after depolarization by the conventional neurotransmitter. Proctolin alone has no effect on these channels, but renders them capable of sustained activity following depolarization. After depolarization induces activity, 5 x 10(-9) M proctolin increases the open probability of the larger channel up to 50-fold due to a marked decrease in the mean channel closed time. There is also at least a 4-fold increase in the percentage of patches with active channels for the large channel and a 2-fold increase for the small channel. Proctolin modulation appears to occur via an intracellular messenger, possibly cAMP. The peptide's effect on channel activity is dose dependent in a manner that parallels its effect on tension. These results indicate that the activation of these channels and the resulting influx of Ca2+ into the muscle fiber play a role in the potentiation of tension in this muscle.},
keywords = {Animals
Astacoidea
Cell Membrane/drug effects/physiology
Chloride Channels
Glutamates/pharmacology
Glutamic Acid
Ion Channel Gating/drug effects
Ion Channels/drug effects/physiology
Membrane Potentials/drug effects
Membrane Proteins/physiology
Models, Biological
Muscle Contraction/drug effects
Muscles/*physiology
*Neuropeptides
Neurotransmitter Agents/pharmacology
Oligopeptides/*pharmacology
Potassium Channels/drug effects/*physiology
Second Messenger Systems/drug effects},
ISSN = {0270-6474 (Print)
0270-6474 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/11/1/269},
year = {1991},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Bishop, C. A. and Wine, J. J. and Nagy, F. and O’Shea, M. R.},
title = {Physiological consequences of a peptide cotransmitter in a crayfish nerve-muscle preparation},
journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
volume = {7},
number = {6},
pages = {1769-79},
note = {Bishop, C A
Wine, J J
Nagy, F
O'Shea, M R
20557/PHS HHS/
J Neurosci. 1987 Jun;7(6):1769-79.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3598647
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/7/6/1769.full.pdf
},
abstract = {The pentapeptide proctolin is colocalized with a conventional, conductance-increasing neurotransmitter in 3 of 5 excitatory motoneurons that innervate a posture-related tonic flexor muscle of the crayfish. It is released from these neurons in response to nerve impulses. Nanomolar concentrations of proctolin superfused on the tonic flexor muscle act postsynaptically to potentiate tension generated by a given level of depolarization. Proctolin alone has no detectable effect on muscle tension, nor does it alter the resting membrane potential of the muscle. Proctolin produces no detectable effect on the EPSPs of the 1 proctolinergic motoneuron that was examined. Neurally released proctolin can be selectively depleted from severed motor axons following prolonged, low-frequency stimulation; EPSPs reflecting conventional transmitter release are unaltered by this procedure. After proctolin depletion, tension generated by the motoneuron is greatly reduced. Taken together, these results indicate that the peptide secondary transmitter in this neuromuscular preparation is an important contributor to the magnitude of tension generated by the motoneuron, but since its effect is dependent on the depolarizing EPSPs of the conventional neurotransmitter, it does not contribute to the temporal aspects of tension generation. These aspects are controlled exclusively by the conventional neurotransmitter.},
keywords = {Animals
Astacoidea/*physiology
Electric Stimulation
Electrophysiology
Membrane Potentials/drug effects
Motor Neurons/physiology
Muscle Contraction/drug effects
Muscle Denervation
Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology
*Neuropeptides
Oligopeptides/metabolism/*physiology
Perfusion},
ISSN = {0270-6474 (Print)
0270-6474 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/7/6/1769.full.pdf+html},
year = {1987},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Bittner, G. D.},
title = {Synaptic plasticity at the crayfish opener neuromuscular preparation},
journal = {Journal of Neurobiology},
volume = {20},
number = {5},
pages = {386-408},
note = {Bittner, G D
J Neurobiol. 1989 Jul;20(5):386-408.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2664080
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/neu.480200510/abstract},
abstract = {The crayfish opener neuromuscular preparation exhibits most of the plasticities yet described for any synapse, including facilitation, long-term potentiation, presynaptic inhibition, and modulation. Since the presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic muscle fibers can both be intracellularly penetrated, one can now more easily examine the cellular/molecular bases for these plasticities. Data from such studies suggest that facilitation may be influenced by something other than residual free calcium and that presynaptic inhibition is produced by a conductance increase to chloride in the terminals of the excitor axon. Several drugs (ethanol, pentobarbital) have significant effects on these synaptic plasticities over concentration ranges which produce obvious behavioral effects in crayfish and mammals. Hence, this preparation should be a useful model system to determine cellular/molecular bases for various synaptic plasticities and the effects of drugs on these plasticities.},
keywords = {Animals
Astacoidea/*physiology
Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology
*Neuronal Plasticity},
ISSN = {0022-3034 (Print)
0022-3034 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1002/neu.480200510},
year = {1989},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Bokisch, A. J. and Walker, R. J.},
title = {The ionic mechanism associated with the action of putative transmitters on identified neurons of the snail, Helix aspersa},
journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C, Comparative pharmacology and toxicology},
volume = {84},
number = {2},
pages = {231-41},
note = {Bokisch, A J
Walker, R J
ENGLAND
Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1986;84(2):231-41.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2874941},
abstract = {Intracellular recordings were made from identified neurons in the suboesophageal ganglionic mass of the snail, Helix aspersa. The ionic mechanisms associated with acetylcholine excitation and inhibition, dopamine excitation and inhibition, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) excitation and inhibition and serotonin excitation were investigated. Acetylcholine excitation was found to involve an initial increase in sodium conductance while acetylcholine inhibition was a pure chloride event which reversed at membrane potentials more negative than the chloride equilibrium potential. Dopamine excitation appeared to involve only an increase in sodium conductance while serotonin excitation involved an increase in conductance to both sodium and calcium ions. Dopamine inhibition was associated with an increase in potassium conductance but failed to reverse at membrane potentials more negative than the potassium equilibrium potential. GABA excitation involved conductance increases to both sodium and chloride ions while GABA inhibition was a pure chloride event. An attempt was made to estimate the degree of co-operativity of the putative transmitters with their receptors using log-log and Hill plots. The slopes of the line for the log-log plots for acetylcholine excitation and inhibition were 0.88 and 1.1, respectively, suggesting the interaction of one molecule of acetylcholine with the receptor. The slope of the log-log plot for dopamine inhibition was 0.46 while that for serotonin excitation was 0.75. The Hill plots for GABA excitation and inhibition were 1.64 and 1.42, respectively, suggesting that two molecules of GABA are required for receptor activation.},
keywords = {Acetylcholine/pharmacology
Animals
Chlorides/pharmacology
Dopamine/pharmacology
Helix (Snails)
Neurons/drug effects/*physiology
Neurotransmitter Agents/*pharmacology
Serotonin/pharmacology
Sodium/pharmacology
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/pharmacology},
ISSN = {0742-8413 (Print)
0742-8413 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/0742-8413(86)90088-5},
year = {1986},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Breen, C. A. and Atwood, H. L.},
title = {Octopamine—a neurohormone with presynaptic activity-dependent effects at crayfish neuromuscular junctions},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {303},
number = {5919},
pages = {716-8},
note = {Breen, C A
Atwood, H L
ENGLAND
Nature. 1983 Jun 23-29;303(5919):716-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6406911},
abstract = {Octopamine, the phenol analogue of noradrenaline, is a neurosecretory product found in many vertebrate and invertebrate species. In the American lobster, octopamine produces an increase in muscular tension during activation of the motor nerve and may induce spontaneous contractions at concentrations of 10(-7) M (refs 1,2). In the lobster, postsynaptic mechanisms, including a change in Ca2+ conductance of the muscle membrane, are thought to be responsible for potentiation of contraction. In contrast, studies on insects have implicated both pre- and postsynaptic effects: for example, O'Shea and Evans reported that neuromuscular transmission in the locust leg extensor muscle is modulated by octopamine released from a specific neurosecretory neurone which acts on high-affinity octopamine receptors located both on the muscle and on excitatory nerve terminals. The presynaptic receptors mediate an increase in frequency of spontaneous miniature postsynaptic potentials recorded in the muscle. In view of the apparent discrepancy between insect and crustacean results, we have re-examined the effects of octopamine on neuromuscular transmission in a crustacean muscle and report here that enhanced postsynaptic potentials produced by very low levels of octopamine (10(-10) -10(-7) M) are largely attributable to a presynaptic effect which increases quantal release of transmitter. Also, this effect is more pronounced and longer lasting when octopamine is applied to active neuromuscular preparations. This system provides a model for selective consolidation of active synapses by neurohormonal mechanisms. Such an effect could be of general significance in the nervous system, as it would provide a mechanism for selective neurohormonal regulation and strengthening of pathways used during specific activities.},
keywords = {Animals
Astacoidea
Electric Conductivity
Evoked Potentials/drug effects
Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects/*physiology
Octopamine/*pharmacology
Synapses/physiology},
ISSN = {0028-0836 (Print)
0028-0836 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1038/303716a0},
year = {1983},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Brickley, S. G. and Mody, I.},
title = {Extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors: Their function in the CNS and implications for disease},
journal = {Neuron},
volume = {73},
number = {1},
pages = {23-34},
note = {Brickley, Stephen G
Mody, Istvan
eng
G0501584/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
G0800506/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
MH076994/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
NS030549/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
R01 MH076994-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
R01 NS030549/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
R01 NS030549-07/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
WT094211MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
2012/01/17 06:00
Neuron. 2012 Jan 12;73(1):23-34. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.012.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243744},
abstract = {Over the past two decades, research has identified extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor populations that enable neurons to sense the low ambient GABA concentrations present in the extracellular space in order to generate a form of tonic inhibition not previously considered in studies of neuronal excitability. The importance of this tonic inhibition in regulating states of consciousness is highlighted by the fact that extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) are believed to be key targets for anesthetics, sleep-promoting drugs, neurosteroids, and alcohol. The neurosteroid sensitivity of these extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs may explain their importance in stress-, ovarian cycle-, and pregnancy-related mood disorders. Moreover, disruptions in network dynamics associated with schizophrenia, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease may well involve alterations in the tonic GABA(A)R-mediated conductance. Extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs may therefore present a therapeutic target for treatment of these diseases, with the potential to enhance cognition and aid poststroke functional recovery.},
keywords = {Animals
Brain/metabolism/pathology
Central Nervous System Diseases/classification/drug
therapy/*metabolism/*pathology
GABA Agents/therapeutic use
Humans
Models, Neurological
Receptors, GABA-A/*metabolism
Synapses/*metabolism},
ISSN = {1097-4199 (Electronic)
0896-6273 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.012},
year = {2012},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Brown, R.H. and Cannon, S.C. and Rowland, L.P.},
title = {Diseases of the nerve and motor unit},
booktitle = {Principles of Neural Science},
editor = {Kandel, E.R. and Schwartz, J.H. and Jessell, T.M. and Siegelbaum, S.A. and Hudspeth, A.J.},
publisher = {McGraw Hill},
address = {Newark},
edition = {5},
chapter = {14},
ISBN = {9780071390118},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=s64z-LdAIsEC},
year = {2013},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Byrne, John H},
title = {Postsynaptic potentials and synaptic integration},
booktitle = {From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience},
editor = {Byrne, John H and Roberts, James L},
publisher = {Academic Press},
address = {San Diego},
chapter = {16},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0080920837},
year = {2009},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Byrne, J. H. and LaBar, K.S. and LeDoux, J.E and Lindquist, D. H and Thompson, R.H. and Teyler, T.J.},
title = {Learning and memory: Basic mechanisms},
booktitle = {From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience},
editor = {Byrne, John H and Roberts, James L},
publisher = {Academic Press},
address = {San Diego},
pages = {539-608},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0080920837},
year = {2009},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Byrne, John H and Shepherd, G.M},
title = {Electrotonic properties of axons and dendrites},
booktitle = {From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience},
editor = {Byrne, John H and Roberts, James L},
publisher = {Academic Press},
address = {San Diego},
chapter = {4},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0080920837},
year = {2009},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Carrasquillo, Y. and Nerbonne, J. M.},
title = {IA channels: Diverse regulatory mechanisms},
journal = {The Neuroscientist},
volume = {20},
number = {2},
pages = {104-11},
note = {Carrasquillo, Yarimar
Nerbonne, Jeanne M
eng
F32 NS-065581/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
R01 NS-03676/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
2013/10/10 06:00
Neuroscientist. 2014 Apr;20(2):104-11. doi: 10.1177/1073858413504003. Epub 2013 Oct 8.},
abstract = {In many peripheral and central neurons, A-type K(+) currents, IA, have been identified and shown to be key determinants in shaping action potential waveforms and repetitive firing properties, as well as in the regulation of synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. The functional properties and physiological roles of native neuronal IA, however, have been shown to be quite diverse in different types of neurons. Accumulating evidence suggests that this functional diversity is generated by multiple mechanisms, including the expression and subcellular distributions of IA channels encoded by different voltage-gated K(+) (Kv) channel pore-forming (alpha) subunits, interactions of Kv alpha subunits with cytosolic and/or transmembrane accessory subunits and regulatory proteins and post-translational modifications of channel subunits. Several recent reports further suggest that local protein translation in the dendrites of neurons and interactions between IA channels with other types of voltage-gated ion channels further expands the functional diversity of native neuronal IA channels. Here, we review the diverse molecular mechanisms that have been shown or proposed to underlie the functional diversity of native neuronal IA channels.},
ISSN = {1089-4098 (Electronic)
1073-8584 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1177/1073858413504003},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24106264},
year = {2014},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Cattaert, D. and Le Ray, D.},
title = {Adaptive motor control in crayfish},
journal = {Prog Neurobiol},
volume = {63},
number = {2},
pages = {199-240},
note = {Cattaert, D
Le Ray , D
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
2000/12/22 11:00
Prog Neurobiol. 2001 Feb;63(2):199-240.},
abstract = {This article reviews the principles that rule the organization of motor commands that have been described over the past five decades in crayfish. The adaptation of motor behaviors requires the integration of sensory cues into the motor command. The respective roles of central neural networks and sensory feedback are presented in the order of increasing complexity. The simplest circuits described are those involved in the control of a single joint during posture (negative feedback-resistance reflex) and movement (modulation of sensory feedback and reversal of the reflex into an assistance reflex). More complex integration is required to solve problems of coordination of joint movements in a pluri-segmental appendage, and coordination of different limbs and different motor systems. In addition, beyond the question of mechanical fitting, the motor command must be appropriate to the behavioral context. Therefore, sensory information is used also to select adequate motor programs. A last aspect of adaptability concerns the possibility of neural networks to change their properties either temporarily (such on-line modulation exerted, for example, by presynaptic mechanisms) or more permanently (such as plastic changes that modify the synaptic efficacy). Finally, the question of how "automatic" local component networks are controlled by descending pathways, in order to achieve behaviors, is discussed.},
keywords = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology
Animals
Astacoidea
Central Nervous System/*physiology
Feedback/physiology
Long-Term Potentiation/physiology
Mechanoreceptors/physiology
Membrane Potentials/physiology
Motor Activity/*physiology
Nerve Net/*physiology
Neuronal Plasticity/physiology
Posture/physiology
Proprioception/physiology
Reflex/*physiology
Sense Organs/physiology
Stress, Mechanical},
ISSN = {0301-0082 (Print)
0301-0082 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11124446},
year = {2001},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Catterall, W. A. and Dib-Hajj, S. and Meisler, M. H. and Pietrobon, D.},
title = {Inherited neuronal ion channelopathies: New windows on complex neurological diseases},
journal = {J Neurosci},
volume = {28},
number = {46},
pages = {11768-77},
note = {Catterall, William A
Dib-Hajj, Sulayman
Meisler, Miriam H
Pietrobon, Daniela
eng
GGP06234/Telethon/Italy
NS25704/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
NS34509/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
R01 NS025704/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
R01 NS025704-22/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Review
2008/11/14 09:00
J Neurosci. 2008 Nov 12;28(46):11768-77. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3901-08.2008.},
abstract = {Studies of genetic forms of epilepsy, chronic pain, and migraine caused by mutations in ion channels have given crucial insights into molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis, and therapeutic approaches to complex neurological disorders. Gain-of-function missense mutations in the brain type-I sodium channel Na(V)1.1 are a primary cause of generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Loss-of-function mutations in Na(V)1.1 channels cause severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, an intractable childhood epilepsy. Studies of a mouse model show that this disease is caused by selective loss of sodium current and excitability of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons, which leads to hyperexcitability, epilepsy, and ataxia. Mutations in the peripheral sodium channel Na(V)1.7 cause familial pain syndromes. Gain-of-function mutations cause erythromelalgia and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder as a result of hyperexcitability of sensory neurons, whereas loss-of-function mutations cause congenital indifference to pain because of attenuation of action potential firing. These experiments have defined correlations between genotype and phenotype in chronic pain diseases and focused attention on Na(V)1.7 as a therapeutic target. Familial hemiplegic migraine is caused by mutations in the calcium channel, Ca(V)2.1, which conducts P/Q-type calcium currents that initiate neurotransmitter release. These mutations increase activation at negative membrane potentials and increase evoked neurotransmitter release at cortical glutamatergic synapses. Studies of a mouse genetic model show that these gain-of-function effects lead to cortical spreading depression, aura, and potentially migraine. Overall, these experiments indicate that imbalance in the activity of excitatory and inhibitory neurons is an important underlying cause of these diseases.},
keywords = {Animals
Brain/metabolism/physiopathology
Brain Diseases/*genetics/*metabolism/physiopathology
Calcium Channels/genetics/metabolism
Channelopathies/*genetics/*metabolism/physiopathology
Disease Models, Animal
Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
Humans
Ion Channels/*genetics/*metabolism
Mutation/genetics
Neurons/metabolism},
ISSN = {1529-2401 (Electronic)
0270-6474 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3901-08.2008},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005038},
year = {2008},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Clarac, F. and Pearlstein, E.},
title = {Invertebrate preparations and their contribution to neurobiology in the second half of the 20th century},
journal = {Brain research reviews},
volume = {54},
number = {1},
pages = {113-61},
note = {Clarac, Francois
Pearlstein, Edouard
eng
Historical Article
Netherlands
2007/05/15 09:00
Brain Res Rev. 2007 Apr;54(1):113-61.},
abstract = {This review summarized the contribution to neurobiology achieved through the use of invertebrate preparations in the second half of the 20th century. This fascinating period was preceded by pioneers who explored a wide variety of invertebrate phyla and developed various preparations appropriate for electrophysiological studies. Their work advanced general knowledge about neuronal properties (dendritic, somatic, and axonal excitability; pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms). The study of invertebrates made it possible to identify cell bodies in different ganglia, and monitor their operation in the course of behavior. In the 1970s, the details of central neural circuits in worms, molluscs, insects, and crustaceans were characterized for the first time and well before equivalent findings were made in vertebrate preparations. The concept and nature of a central pattern generator (CPG) have been studied in detail, and the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) is a fine example, having led to many major developments since it was first examined. The final part of the review is a discussion of recent neuroethological studies that have addressed simple cognitive functions and confirmed the utility of invertebrate models. After presenting our invertebrate "mice," the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, our conclusion, based on arguments very different from those used fifty years ago, is that invertebrate models are still essential for acquiring insight into the complexity of the brain.},
keywords = {Animals
Brain/cytology/physiology
Central Nervous System/cytology/*physiology
Ganglia, Invertebrate/cytology/physiology
History, 20th Century
Invertebrates/anatomy & histology/*physiology
Models, Animal
Neural Pathways/*physiology
Neurobiology/*history/trends
Neurons/*physiology},
ISSN = {0165-0173 (Print)
0165-0173 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17500093},
year = {2007},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Clement, J. F. and Taylor, A. K. and Velez, S. J.},
title = {Effect of a limited target area on regeneration of specific neuromuscular connections in the crayfish},
journal = {Journal of neurophysiology},
volume = {49},
number = {1},
pages = {216-26},
note = {Clement, J F
Taylor, A K
Velez, S J
1 R01 NS 13800/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
J Neurophysiol. 1983 Jan;49(1):216-26.
http://jn.physiology.org/content/49/1/216.long},
keywords = {Animals
Astacoidea
Axons/physiology
Muscle Denervation
Muscles/*innervation
*Nerve Regeneration
Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology
Synapses/physiology},
ISSN = {0022-3077 (Print)
0022-3077 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6827296},
year = {1983},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Delcomyn, F.},
title = {Foundations of Neurobiology},
publisher = {W.H. Freeman},
address = {New York},
chapter = {9},
year = {1998},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Dey, D. and Eckle, V. S. and Vitko, I. and Sullivan, K. A. and Lasiecka, Z. M. and Winckler, B. and Stornetta, R. L. and Williamson, J. M. and Kapur, J. and Perez-Reyes, E.},
title = {A potassium leak channel silences hyperactive neurons and ameliorates status epilepticus},
journal = {Epilepsia},
volume = {55},
number = {2},
pages = {203-13},
note = {Dey, Deblina
Eckle, Veit-Simon
Vitko, Iuliia
Sullivan, Kyle A
Lasiecka, Zofia M
Winckler, Bettina
Stornetta, Ruth L
Williamson, John M
Kapur, Jaideep
Perez-Reyes, Edward
eng
NS040337/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
R01 NS040337/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
R01 NS044370/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
2013/12/05 06:00
Epilepsia. 2014 Feb;55(2):203-13. doi: 10.1111/epi.12472. Epub 2013 Dec 2.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24299204},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To develop a constitutively active K(+) leak channel using TREK-1 (TWIK-related potassium channel 1; TREK-M) that is resistant to compensatory down-regulation by second messenger cascades, and to validate the ability of TREK-M to silence hyperactive neurons using cultured hippocampal neurons. To test if adenoassociated viral (AAV) delivery of TREK-M could reduce the duration of status epilepticus and reduce neuronal death induced by lithium-pilocarpine administration. METHODS: Molecular cloning techniques were used to engineer novel vectors to deliver TREK-M via plasmids, lentivirus, and AAV using a cytomegalovirus (CMV)-enhanced GABRA4 promoter. Electrophysiology was used to characterize the activity and regulation of TREK-M in human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells, and the ability to reduce spontaneous activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Adult male rats were injected bilaterally with self-complementary AAV particles composed of serotype 5 capsid into the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Lithium-pilocarpine was used to induce status epilepticus. Seizures were monitored using continuous video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. Neuronal death was measured using Fluoro-Jade C staining of paraformaldehyde-fixed brain slices. RESULTS: TREK-M inhibited neuronal firing by hyperpolarizing the resting membrane potential and decreasing input resistance. AAV delivery of TREK-M decreased the duration of status epilepticus by 50%. Concomitantly it reduced neuronal death in areas targeted by the AAV injection. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that TREK-M can silence hyperexcitable neurons in the brain of epileptic rats and treat acute seizures. This study paves the way for an alternative gene therapy treatment of status epilepticus, and provides the rationale for studies of AAV-TREK-M's effect on spontaneous seizures in chronic models of temporal lobe epilepsy.},
keywords = {Animals
Cell Death/genetics
Cell Polarity/genetics
*Gene Transfer Techniques
Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage/genetics
HEK293 Cells
Humans
Male
Neural Inhibition/genetics
Neurons/*pathology/physiology
Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain/administration & dosage/*genetics
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Status Epilepticus/*genetics/pathology/*prevention & control},
ISSN = {1528-1167 (Electronic)
0013-9580 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1111/epi.12472},
year = {2014},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Dib-Hajj, S. D. and Cummins, T. R. and Black, J. A. and Waxman, S. G.},
title = {Sodium channels in normal and pathological pain},
journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
volume = {33},
pages = {325-47},
note = {Dib-Hajj, Sulayman D
Cummins, Theodore R
Black, Joel A
Waxman, Stephen G
eng
NS053422/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Review
2010/04/07 06:00
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2010;33:325-47. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153234.},
abstract = {Nociception is essential for survival whereas pathological pain is maladaptive and often unresponsive to pharmacotherapy. Voltage-gated sodium channels, Na(v)1.1-Na(v)1.9, are essential for generation and conduction of electrical impulses in excitable cells. Human and animal studies have identified several channels as pivotal for signal transmission along the pain axis, including Na(v)1.3, Na(v)1.7, Na(v)1.8, and Na(v)1.9, with the latter three preferentially expressed in peripheral sensory neurons and Na(v)1.3 being upregulated along pain-signaling pathways after nervous system injuries. Na(v)1.7 is of special interest because it has been linked to a spectrum of inherited human pain disorders. Here we review the contribution of these sodium channel isoforms to pain.},
keywords = {Animals
Disease Models, Animal
Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
Humans
Nociceptors/*metabolism
Pain/genetics/*metabolism/*physiopathology
Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
Sodium Channels/genetics/*metabolism},
ISSN = {1545-4126 (Electronic)
0147-006X (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153234},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20367448},
year = {2010},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {DiFrancesco, D.},
title = {The role of the funny current in pacemaker activity},
journal = {Circulation Research},
volume = {106},
number = {3},
pages = {434-446},
note = {DiFrancesco, Dario
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
2010/02/20 06:00
Circ Res. 2010 Feb 19;106(3):434-46. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.208041.},
abstract = {Abstract: Pacemaking is a basic physiological process, and the cellular mechanisms involved in this function have always attracted the keen attention of investigators. The "funny" (I(f)) current, originally described in sinoatrial node myocytes as an inward current activated on hyperpolarization to the diastolic range of voltages, has properties suitable for generating repetitive activity and for modulating spontaneous rate. The degree of activation of the funny current determines, at the end of an action potential, the steepness of phase 4 depolarization; hence, the frequency of action potential firing. Because I(f) is controlled by intracellular cAMP and is thus activated and inhibited by beta-adrenergic and muscarinic M2 receptor stimulation, respectively, it represents a basic physiological mechanism mediating autonomic regulation of heart rate. Given the complexity of the cellular processes involved in rhythmic activity, an exact quantification of the extent to which I(f) and other mechanisms contribute to pacemaking is still a debated issue; nonetheless, a wealth of information collected since the current was first described more than 30 years ago clearly agrees to identify I(f) as a major player in both generation of spontaneous activity and rate control. I(f)- dependent pacemaking has recently advanced from a basic, physiologically relevant concept, as originally described, to a practical concept that has several potentially useful clinical applications and can be valuable in therapeutically relevant conditions. Typically, given their exclusive role in pacemaking, f-channels are ideal targets of drugs aiming to pharmacological control of cardiac rate. Molecules able to bind specifically to and block f-channels can thus be used as pharmacological tools for heart rate reduction with little or no adverse cardiovascular side effects. Indeed a selective f-channel inhibitor, ivabradine, is today commercially available as a tool in the treatment of stable chronic angina. Also, several loss-of-function mutations of HCN4 (hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic-nucleotide gated 4), the major constitutive subunit of f-channels in pacemaker cells, are known today to cause rhythm disturbances, such as for example inherited sinus bradycardia. Finally, gene- or cell-based methods for in situ delivery of f-channels to silent or defective cardiac muscle represent novel approaches for the development of biological pacemakers eventually able to replace electronic devices.},
keywords = {Action Potentials/*physiology
Animals
Benzazepines/pharmacology
Cyclic AMP/physiology
Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels/physiology
Heart Conduction System/*physiology
Heart Rate/physiology
Humans
Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels
Ion Channels/physiology
Muscle Proteins/physiology
Phosphorylation
Potassium/physiology
Potassium Channels/drug effects/*physiology
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Receptor, Muscarinic M2/physiology
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology
Ryanodine/pharmacology
Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/physiology
Sinoatrial Node/cytology/*physiology
Sodium/physiology},
ISSN = {1524-4571 (Electronic)
0009-7330 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.208041},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20167941},
year = {2010},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Dittman, J. S. and Kreitzer, A. C. and Regehr, W. G.},
title = {Interplay between facilitation, depression, and residual calcium at three presynaptic terminals},
journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {4},
pages = {1374-85},
note = {Dittman, J S
Kreitzer, A C
Regehr, W G
R01-NS32405-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
J Neurosci. 2000 Feb 15;20(4):1374-85.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10662828
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/4/1374.full.pdf},
abstract = {Synapses display remarkable alterations in strength during repetitive use. Different types of synapses exhibit distinctive synaptic plasticity, but the factors giving rise to such diversity are not fully understood. To provide the experimental basis for a general model of short-term plasticity, we studied three synapses in rat brain slices at 34 degrees C: the climbing fiber to Purkinje cell synapse, the parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse, and the Schaffer collateral to CA1 pyramidal cell synapse. These synapses exhibited a broad range of responses to regular and Poisson stimulus trains. Depression dominated at the climbing fiber synapse, facilitation was prominent at the parallel fiber synapse, and both depression and facilitation were apparent in the Schaffer collateral synapse. These synapses were modeled by incorporating mechanisms of short-term plasticity that are known to be driven by residual presynaptic calcium (Ca(res)). In our model, release is the product of two factors: facilitation and refractory depression. Facilitation is caused by a calcium-dependent increase in the probability of release. Refractory depression is a consequence of release sites becoming transiently ineffective after release. These sites recover with a time course that is accelerated by elevations of Ca(res). Facilitation and refractory depression are coupled by their common dependence on Ca(res) and because increased transmitter release leads to greater synaptic depression. This model captures the behavior of three different synapses for various stimulus conditions. The interplay of facilitation and depression dictates synaptic strength and variability during repetitive activation. The resulting synaptic plasticity transforms the timing of presynaptic spikes into varying postsynaptic response amplitudes.},
keywords = {Animals
Basal Ganglia/physiology
Calcium/*physiology
Cerebellum/*physiology
Electric Stimulation
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/*physiology
Hippocampus/*physiology
Kinetics
Models, Neurological
Neuronal Plasticity/physiology
Presynaptic Terminals/*physiology
Purkinje Cells/*physiology
Pyramidal Cells/*physiology
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Synapses/physiology},
ISSN = {0270-6474 (Print)
0270-6474 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10662828},
year = {2000},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Djokaj, S. and Cooper, R. L. and Rathmayer, W.},
title = {Presynaptic effects of octopamine, serotonin, and cocktails of the two modulators on neuromuscular transmission in crustaceans},
journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology},
volume = {187},
number = {2},
pages = {145-54},
note = {Djokaj, S
Cooper, R L
Rathmayer, W
Germany
J Comp Physiol A. 2001 Mar;187(2):145-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15524002},
abstract = {The effect of the biogenic amines octopamine and serotonin, and of both amines combined (cocktails) on transmitter release at neuromuscular junctions of two crustaceans was studied. octopamine (10(-8) mol l(-1) to 10(-6) mol l(-1)) either enhanced or decreased evoked transmitter release through presynaptic effects. The results were identical for the slow and the fast excitor in the closer muscle of the crab, and for the excitor in the opener muscle of the crayfish. Application of serotonin always resulted in a strong increase of release. However, this potentiating effect of serotonin was reduced in strength by subsequent application of cocktails consisting of serotonin and octopamine. In all experiments, a cocktail of serotonin and octopamine was less effective than serotonin alone. The decrease in the mean quantal content m by octopamine was due to a reduction of the probability of release p. Since both amines are synthesized in the central nervous system and are released from neurohaemal organs into the haemolymph bathing the neuromuscular junctions, the results suggest that the two amines, when present together, modulate transmitter release in an antagonistic way, and that the level of the two determines synaptic efficacy.},
keywords = {Animals
Crustacea/*physiology
Drug Interactions
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
Hemolymph/chemistry
Neuromuscular Junction/*drug effects/*physiology
Octopamine/*pharmacology
Serotonin/*pharmacology
Synaptic Transmission/*drug effects/*physiology},
ISSN = {0340-7594 (Print)
0340-7594 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1007/s003590100187},
year = {2001},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Drummond, J. M. and Macmillan, D. L.},
title = {The abdominal motor system of the crayfish, Cherax destructor. II. Morphology and physiology of the deep extensor motor neurons},
journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology},
volume = {183},
number = {5},
pages = {603-619},
note = {144CY
Times Cited:9
Cited References Count:67
://000077297200006
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003590050285},
abstract = {Two opposing muscle systems underlie abdominal contractions during escape swimming in crayfish. In this study we used extracellular and intracellular stimulation, recording and dye-filling to systematically identify each of the five deep extensor exciters and single inhibitor of the crayfish, Cherax destructor. Functional associations of each neuron were characterised by recording its responses to sensory and abdominal cord inputs, its extensor muscle innervation pattern, and its relationships with other neurons. Each exciter receives excitatory input from the tonic abdominal stretch receptors and the largest neuron also receives input from the phasic stretch receptor. The two largest exciters innervate the muscle bundle containing the fastest fibres and may be electronically coupled. The smaller neurons may also be electronically coupled and innervate the remaining deep extensor fibres which display dynamic characteristics from fast to medium-fast. The inhibitor does not receive input from the stretch receptors, but is strongly excited by tactile afferents. The implications of these findings for the current models of the control of abdominal tailflips and swimming are discussed.},
keywords = {abdominal extensor motor neurons
morphology
physiology
stretch receptors
crayfish
giant fiber activity
escape behavior
functional-organization
thoracic output
lateral giant
lobster
ganglia
muscle
innervation
motoneurons},
ISSN = {0340-7594},
DOI = {10.1007/S003590050285},
year = {1998},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Drummond, J. M. and Macmillan, D. L.},
title = {The abdominal motor system of the crayfish, Cherax destructor. I. Morphology and physiology of the superficial extensor motor neurons},
journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology},
volume = {183},
number = {5},
pages = {583-601},
note = {144CY
Times Cited:11
Cited References Count:73
://000077297200005
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003590050284},
abstract = {Using extracellular and intracellular stimulation, recording and dye-filling, we identified and studied the superficial extensor motor neurons of the crayfish, Cherax destructor. Functional associations of each neuron were characterised by recording its responses to sensory and abdominal cord inputs, its extensor muscle innervation pattern and its relationships with other neurons. Two clear associations were found among the six neurons of each segment. A medium-sized exciter (no. 3), that innervates a substantial percentage of extensor muscle fibres, and the largest exciter (no. 6), recruited during peak, excitation, were inhibited by input from unknown interneurons that excited the common inhibitor (no. 5). Likewise, these exciters received excitatory input when the inhibitor was silent. Another medium-sized neuron (no. 4) that innervates many muscle fibres was ce-active with one of the small exciters (no. 2). The two medium-sized neurons were never active at the same time, and these two groupings may be determined by pre-motor interneurons. The implications of these findings for our understanding of motor control in this system are discussed.},
keywords = {abdominal extensor motor neurons
morphology
physiology
stretch receptors
crayfish
stretch-receptor neurons
nervous-system
postural interneurons
positioning interneurons
central projections
lobster
organization
responses
serotonin
command},
ISSN = {0340-7594},
DOI = {10.1007/S003590050284},
year = {1998},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Duncan, G.},
title = {Physics in the Life Sciences},
publisher = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
address = {Oxford},
chapter = {10-11},
year = {1990},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Eckert, R. and Randall, D. and Augustine, G.J.},
title = {Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations},
publisher = {W.H. Freeman},
address = {New York},
chapter = {7},
year = {1988},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Elliott, C. J. and Susswein, A. J.},
title = {Comparative neuroethology of feeding control in molluscs},
journal = {J Exp Biol},
volume = {205},
number = {Pt 7},
pages = {877-96},
note = {Elliott, C J H
Susswein, A J
eng
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
2002/03/28 10:00
J Exp Biol. 2002 Apr;205(Pt 7):877-96.},
abstract = {Over the last 30 years, many laboratories have examined, in parallel, the feeding behaviour of gastropod molluscs and the properties of the nervous system that give rise to this behaviour. Equal attention to both behavioural and neurobiological issues has provided deep insight into the functioning of the nervous system in generating and controlling behaviour. The conclusions derived from studies on gastropod feeding are generally consistent with those from other systems, but often provide more detailed information on the behavioural function of a particular property of the nervous system. A review of the literature on gastropod feeding illustrates a number of important messages. (i) Many of the herbivorous gastropods display similarities in behaviour that are reflected in corresponding similarities in neural anatomy, pharmacology and physiology. By contrast, the same aspects of the behaviour of different carnivorous species are quite variable, possibly because of their specialised prey-capture techniques. Nonetheless, some aspects of the neural control of feeding are preserved. (ii) Feeding in all species is flexible, with the behaviour and the physiology adapting to changes in the current environment and internal state and as a result of past experience. Flexibility arises via processes that may take place at many neural sites, and much of the modulation underlying behavioural flexibility is understood at a systems and at a cellular level. (iii) Neurones seem to have specific functions that are consistent with their endogenous properties and their synaptic connections, suggesting that individual neurones code specific pieces of information (i.e. they are 'grandmother cells'). However, the properties of a neurone can be extremely complex and can be understood only in the context of the complete neural circuit and the behaviour that it controls. In systems that are orders of magnitude more complex, it would be impossible to understand the functional properties of an individual neurone, even if it also coded specific information. (iv) Systems such as gastropod feeding may provide a model for understanding the functional properties of more complex systems.},
keywords = {Animals
Aplysia/physiology
Appetite/physiology
Consummatory Behavior/physiology
Ethology/*methods
Feeding Behavior/*physiology
Helix (Snails)/physiology
Lymnaea/physiology
Memory/physiology
Mollusca/*physiology
Neurons/*physiology
Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology
Satiation/physiology},
ISSN = {0022-0949 (Print)
0022-0949 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11916985},
year = {2002},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Emes, R. D. and Grant, S. G.},
title = {Evolution of synapse complexity and diversity},
journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
volume = {35},
pages = {111-31},
note = {Emes, Richard D
Grant, Seth G N
eng
G0802238/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
2012/06/22 06:00
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012;35:111-31. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150433.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22715880},
abstract = {Proteomic studies of the composition of mammalian synapses have revealed a high degree of complexity. The postsynaptic and presynaptic terminals are molecular systems with highly organized protein networks producing emergent physiological and behavioral properties. The major classes of synapse proteins and their respective functions in intercellular communication and adaptive responses evolved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes prior to the origins of neurons in metazoa. In eukaryotes, the organization of individual proteins into multiprotein complexes comprising scaffold proteins, receptors, and signaling enzymes formed the precursor to the core adaptive machinery of the metazoan postsynaptic terminal. Multiplicative increases in the complexity of this protosynapse machinery secondary to genome duplications drove synaptic, neuronal, and behavioral novelty in vertebrates. Natural selection has constrained diversification in mammalian postsynaptic mechanisms and the repertoire of adaptive and innate behaviors. The evolution and organization of synapse proteomes underlie the origins and complexity of nervous systems and behavior.},
keywords = {Animals
*Biological Evolution
Cytoskeletal Proteins/*metabolism
Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism
*Evolution, Molecular
Humans
Models, Neurological
Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism
Prokaryotic Cells/metabolism
Proteome/genetics/metabolism
Synapses/*metabolism},
ISSN = {1545-4126 (Electronic)
0147-006X (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150433},
year = {2012},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Evoy, W. H. and Beranek, R.},
title = {Pharmacological localization of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic regions in crayfish slow abdominal flexor muscle-fibres},
journal = {Comparative and general pharmacology},
volume = {3},
number = {10},
pages = {178-86},
note = {Evoy, W H
Beranek, R
ENGLAND
Comp Gen Pharmacol. 1972 Jun;3(10):178-86.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4667134},
keywords = {Aminobutyrates/pharmacology
Animals
Astacoidea/*drug effects
Drug Interactions
Electric Stimulation
Electrodes
Glutamates/pharmacology
Iontophoresis
Muscles/*drug effects/innervation
Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects
Receptors, Drug/drug effects
Synapses/*drug effects
Time Factors},
ISSN = {0010-4035 (Print)
0010-4035 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/0010-4035(72)90024-9},
year = {1972},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Evoy, W. H. and Kennedy, D. and Wilson, D. M.},
title = {Discharge patterns of neurones supplying tonic abdominal flexor muscles in the crayfish},
journal = {J Exp Biol},
volume = {46},
number = {3},
pages = {393-411},
note = {Evoy, W H
Kennedy, D
Wilson, D M
eng
ENGLAND
1967/06/01
J Exp Biol. 1967 Jun;46(3):393-411.},
keywords = {Abdomen/innervation
Animals
Crustacea
Motor Neurons/*physiology
Synaptic Transmission/*physiology},
ISSN = {0022-0949 (Print)
0022-0949 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4292906},
year = {1967},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Faulkes, Zen and Macmillan, David L.},
title = {Effects of removal of muscle receptor organ input on the temporal structure of non-giant swimming cycles in the crayfish, Cherax destructor},
journal = {Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {149-155},
note = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023624021000014734
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1023624021000014734},
abstract = {Most studies of the muscle receptor organs (MROs) of decapod crustaceans have focused on their role in local reflex loops. This may not be their only function. We examine their involvement in the regulation of non-giant swimming cycles by removing stretch receptor (SR) input from the MROs in abdominal segments 2-5 of the crayfish Cherax destructor. SR input was left intact in two control groups, one of which had sham surgery and the other no surgery at all. We recorded electromyograms (EMGs) from selected uropod muscles during tailflipping in sequences of non-giant swimming in tethered animals. The removal of SR input had a significant effect. The opener muscle period was shorter in the experimental group than in either of the control groups. This suggests that by using SR afference, crayfish sacrifice speed for increased control of the swimming movement.},
ISSN = {1023-6244},
DOI = {10.1080/1023624021000014734},
year = {2002},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Fields, H. L.},
title = {Crustacean abdominal and thoracic muscle receptor organs},
booktitle = {Structure and Function of Proprioceptors in the Invertebrates},
editor = {Mill, P.J.},
publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
address = {New York},
pages = {65-114},
year = {1976},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Fioravante, D. and Regehr, W. G.},
title = {Short-term forms of presynaptic plasticity},
journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
volume = {21},
number = {2},
pages = {269-74},
note = {Fioravante, Diasynou
Regehr, Wade G
eng
R01 NS032405/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
R37 NS032405/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
R37 NS032405-17/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Review
England
2011/03/01 06:00
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2011 Apr;21(2):269-74. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.02.003. Epub 2011 Feb 23.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21353526},
abstract = {Synapses exhibit several forms of short-term plasticity that play a multitude of computational roles. Short-term depression suppresses neurotransmitter release for hundreds of milliseconds to tens of seconds; facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation lead to synaptic enhancement lasting hundreds of milliseconds to minutes. Recent advances have provided insight into the mechanisms underlying these forms of plasticity. Vesicle depletion, as well as inactivation of both release sites and calcium channels, contribute to synaptic depression. Mechanisms of short-term enhancement include calcium channel facilitation, local depletion of calcium buffers, increases in the probability of release downstream of calcium influx, altered vesicle pool properties, and increases in quantal size. Moreover, there is a growing appreciation of the heterogeneity of vesicles and release sites and how they can contribute to use-dependent plasticity.},
keywords = {Animals
Calcium Channels/*metabolism
Humans
Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology
Presynaptic Terminals/*metabolism
Synaptic Vesicles/*metabolism},
ISSN = {1873-6882 (Electronic)
0959-4388 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/j.conb.2011.02.003},
year = {2011},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Fisher, S. A. and Fischer, T. M. and Carew, T. J.},
title = {Multiple overlapping processes underlying short-term synaptic enhancement},
journal = {Trends in neurosciences},
volume = {20},
number = {4},
pages = {170-7},
note = {Fisher, S A
Fischer, T M
Carew, T J
MH10334/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
MH48672/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
ENGLAND
Trends Neurosci. 1997 Apr;20(4):170-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9106358},
abstract = {Recently there have been exciting advances in understanding the mechanisms and functional roles of a form of short-term synaptic enhancement (STE) that results from an activity-dependent accumulation of Ca2+ in the presynaptic terminal. This form of STE is composed of at least four processes: fast-decaying facilitation (FI), slow-decaying facilitation (F2), augmentation (AUG) and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP). Recent results suggest that these processes can now be distinguished mechanistically by the site of their induction within the presynaptic terminal: FI and F2 appear to be induced by a rapid, high concentration of Ca2+ at or near the site of exocytosis, whereas AUG and PTP seem to be induced by lower levels of Ca2+ with slower kinetics, possibly within the core of the terminal. STE is highly conserved across diverse species, and appears to serve as a flexible mechanism for temporal information processing in systems ranging from peripheral motor control to higher cortical integration.},
keywords = {Animals
Calcium/*metabolism
Presynaptic Terminals/*physiology
Time Factors},
ISSN = {0166-2236 (Print)
0166-2236 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/S0166-2236(96)01001-6},
year = {1997},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Fortune, E. S. and Rose, G. J.},
title = {Short-term synaptic plasticity as a temporal filter},
journal = {Trends Neurosci},
volume = {24},
number = {7},
pages = {381-5},
note = {Fortune, E S
Rose, G J
eng
Review
England
2001/06/19 10:00
Trends Neurosci. 2001 Jul;24(7):381-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11410267},
abstract = {Synaptic efficacy can increase (synaptic facilitation) or decrease (synaptic depression) markedly within milliseconds after the onset of specific temporal patterns of activity. Recent evidence suggests that short-term synaptic depression contributes to low-pass temporal filtering, and can account for a well-known paradox - many low-pass neurons respond vigorously to transients and the onsets of high temporal-frequency stimuli. The use of depression for low-pass filtering, however, is itself a paradox; depression induced by ongoing high-temporal frequency stimuli could preclude desired responses to low-temporal frequency information. This problem can be circumvented, however, by activation of short-term synaptic facilitation that maintains responses to low-temporal frequency information. Such short-term plasticity might also contribute to spatio-temporal processing.},
keywords = {Animals
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/*physiology
Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology
Neurons, Afferent/*physiology
Synapses/*physiology},
ISSN = {0166-2236 (Print)
0166-2236 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01835-X},
year = {2001},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Fromm, J. and Lautner, S.},
title = {Electrical signals and their physiological significance in plants},
journal = {Plant Cell Environ},
volume = {30},
number = {3},
pages = {249-57},
note = {Fromm, Jorg
Lautner, Silke
eng
Review
2007/02/01 09:00
Plant Cell Environ. 2007 Mar;30(3):249-57.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17263772},
abstract = {Electrical excitability and signalling, frequently associated with rapid responses to environmental stimuli, are well known in some algae and higher plants. The presence of electrical signals, such as action potentials (AP), in both animal and plant cells suggested that plant cells, too, make use of ion channels to transmit information over long distances. In the light of rapid progress in plant biology during the past decade, the assumption that electrical signals do not only trigger rapid leaf movements in 'sensitive' plants such as Mimosa pudica or Dionaea muscipula, but also physiological processes in ordinary plants proved to be correct. Summarizing recent progress in the field of electrical signalling in plants, the present review will focus on the generation and propagation of various electrical signals, their ways of transmission within the plant body and various physiological effects.},
keywords = {Action Potentials
*Electricity
Plant Leaves/physiology
*Plant Physiological Phenomena
*Signal Transduction},
ISSN = {0140-7791 (Print)
0140-7791 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01614.x},
year = {2007},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Glaizner, B.},
title = {Pharmacological mapping of cells in the suboesophageal ganglia of Helix aspersa},
booktitle = {Neurobiology of Invertebrates},
editor = {Salánki, J.},
publisher = {Plenum Press},
address = {New York},
pages = {267-284},
note = {(Magyar Tudományos Akadémia)
Reprinted 2012 by Springer US ISBN 1461586208, 9781461586203},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=19tIcgAACAAJ},
year = {1968},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Glusman, S. and Kravitz, E. A.},
title = {The action of serotonin on excitatory nerve terminals in lobster nerve-muscle preparations},
journal = {The Journal of physiology},
volume = {325},
pages = {223-41},
note = {Glusman, S
Kravitz, E A
NS-02253/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
NS-07848/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
ENGLAND
J Physiol. 1982 Apr;325:223-41.
http://jp.physoc.org/content/325/1/223.full.pdf},
abstract = {1. The action of serotonin on excitatory transmission in the opener muscle of the dactyl of the lobster walking leg was examined by intracellular recording techniques. 2. Serotonin, at concentrations as low as 5 x 10(-9) M, caused a sustained increase in the size of the excitatory junctional (synaptic) potential (e.j.p.). When serotonin was washed out of the bath the e.j.p. declined in two steps (T 1/2 approximately equal to 1-2 min; T 1/2 approximately equal to 30 min) to the control size. The increased e.j.p. size was predominantly due to a serotonin-induced increase in the release of quanta of excitatory transmitter with nerve stimulation. 3. The increase in transmitter release did not require nerve stimulation or the presence of Na+ or Ca2+ ions in the bathing medium during the period of serotonin treatment. 4. Three types of experiments suggested that a part of the action of serotonin on excitatory nerve terminals might involve a long-term metabolic change within terminals, possibly involving the buffering or storage of Ca2+ ions. First, serotonin increased the frequency of spontaneous release of transmitter in both normal saline (26 mM-Ca2+) and saline with very low levels of Ca2+ (less than 10(-8) M). Secondly, serotonin greatly potentiated increases in miniature excitatory junctional potential frequency induced by the loading of the nerve terminal with Na+ either by veratridine or by inhibition of the Na+ pump or by the addition of the Na-ionophore monensin in low-Ca2+ salines. Thirdly, in some experiments, serotonin treatment produced a partial restoration of the nerve-evoked release of transmitter in the low-Ca2+ medium (less than 10(-8) M).},
keywords = {Animals
Calcium/physiology
Glutamates/metabolism
Glutamic Acid
Membrane Potentials/drug effects
Nephropidae/physiology
Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects/metabolism/*physiology
Serotonin/*pharmacology
Synapses/drug effects/physiology
Synaptic Transmission/*drug effects
Veratridine/pharmacology},
ISSN = {0022-3751 (Print)
0022-3751 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6125589},
year = {1982},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Gonzalez, C. and Baez-Nieto, D. and Valencia, I. and Oyarzun, I. and Rojas, P. and Naranjo, D. and Latorre, R.},
title = {K+ channels: Function-structural overview},
journal = {Compr Physiol},
volume = {2},
number = {3},
pages = {2087-149},
note = {Gonzalez, Carlos
Baez-Nieto, David
Valencia, Ignacio
Oyarzun, Ingrid
Rojas, Patricio
Naranjo, David
Latorre, Ramon
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
2013/06/01 06:00
Compr Physiol. 2012 Jul;2(3):2087-149. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c110047.},
abstract = {Potassium channels are particularly important in determining the shape and duration of the action potential, controlling the membrane potential, modulating hormone secretion, epithelial function and, in the case of those K(+) channels activated by Ca(2+), damping excitatory signals. The multiplicity of roles played by K(+) channels is only possible to their mammoth diversity that includes at present 70 K(+) channels encoding genes in mammals. Today, thanks to the use of cloning, mutagenesis, and the more recent structural studies using x-ray crystallography, we are in a unique position to understand the origins of the enormous diversity of this superfamily of ion channels, the roles they play in different cell types, and the relations that exist between structure and function. With the exception of two-pore K(+) channels that are dimers, voltage-dependent K(+) channels are tetrameric assemblies and share an extremely well conserved pore region, in which the ion-selectivity filter resides. In the present overview, we discuss in the function, localization, and the relations between function and structure of the five different subfamilies of K(+) channels: (a) inward rectifiers, Kir; (b) four transmembrane segments-2 pores, K2P; (c) voltage-gated, Kv; (d) the Slo family; and (e) Ca(2+)-activated SK family, SKCa.},
keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Humans
Ion Channel Gating
Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Molecular Sequence Data
Mutation
Potassium Channels/chemistry/classification/genetics/*metabolism
Protein Structure, Tertiary},
ISSN = {2040-4603 (Electronic)
2040-4603 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1002/cphy.c110047},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723034},
year = {2012},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@book{
author = {Grass Instrument Company},
title = {The Crayfish Stretch Receptor. Pamphlet accompanying live demonstration at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, St. Louis},
year = {1990},
type = {Book}
}
@inbook{
author = {Greenspan, R.J.},
title = {An Introduction to Nervous Systems},
publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press},
address = {Cold Spring Harbor NY},
chapter = {Chapter 1},
year = {2007},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Harris-Warrick, R. M.},
title = {Ion channels and receptors: molecular targets for behavioral evolution},
journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology},
volume = {186},
number = {7-8},
pages = {605-16},
note = {Harris-Warrick, R M
NS17323/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
NS35631/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
GERMANY
J Comp Physiol A. 2000 Jul-Aug;186(7-8):605-16.},
abstract = {Ion channels and receptors play critical roles in shaping neuronal activity, and thus are appropriate targets for evolutionary change to generate new behaviors. In this review, the evolution and differentiation of the many voltage-gated ion channels and transmitter-activated receptors is summarized; these channels and receptors evolved very early, and with some exceptions all species with nervous systems use similar sets of channels and receptors. Several examples are given of mechanisms for species-specific behavioral evolution that arise from mutations involving the structure, alternative splicing, level of expression, targeting and modulation of these important neural proteins.},
keywords = {Animals
Behavior, Animal/*physiology
*Biological Evolution
Humans
Ion Channels/genetics/*physiology
Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/*physiology},
ISSN = {0340-7594 (Print)
0340-7594 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11016778},
year = {2000},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Hartline, D. K. and Colman, D. R.},
title = {Rapid conduction and the evolution of giant axons and myelinated fibers},
journal = {Current Biology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {R29-35},
note = {Hartline, D K
Colman, D R
eng
Review
England
2007/01/09 09:00
Curr Biol. 2007 Jan 9;17(1):R29-35.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17208176},
abstract = {Nervous systems have evolved two basic mechanisms for increasing the conduction speed of the electrical impulse. The first is through axon gigantism: using axons several times larger in diameter than the norm for other large axons, as for example in the well-known case of the squid giant axon. The second is through encasing axons in helical or concentrically wrapped multilamellar sheets of insulating plasma membrane--the myelin sheath. Each mechanism, alone or in combination, is employed in nervous systems of many taxa, both vertebrate and invertebrate. Myelin is a unique way to increase conduction speeds along axons of relatively small caliber. It seems to have arisen independently in evolution several times in vertebrates, annelids and crustacea. Myelinated nerves, regardless of their source, have in common a multilamellar membrane wrapping, and long myelinated segments interspersed with 'nodal' loci where the myelin terminates and the nerve impulse propagates along the axon by 'saltatory' conduction. For all of the differences in detail among the morphologies and biochemistries of the sheath in the different myelinated animal classes, the function is remarkably universal.},
keywords = {Action Potentials/physiology
Animals
Axons/*physiology
*Biological Evolution
Cell Adhesion/physiology
Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/*physiology
Neural Conduction/*physiology},
ISSN = {0960-9822 (Print)
0960-9822 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.042},
year = {2007},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Hill, Richard W. and Wyse, Gordon A. and Anderson, Margaret},
title = {Animal Physiology},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
chapter = {14},
ISBN = {9780878935598},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=iUlqtgAACAAJ},
year = {2012},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Hille, B.},
title = {Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
chapter = {1},
ISBN = {9780878933211},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=8Vk-QwAACAAJ
http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0878933212},
year = {2001},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Hille, B.},
title = {Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
chapter = {1, especially pp. 72-74},
ISBN = {9780878933211},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=8Vk-QwAACAAJ
http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0878933212},
year = {2001},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Hille, B.},
title = {Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
chapter = {22},
ISBN = {9780878933211},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=8Vk-QwAACAAJ
http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0878933212},
year = {2001},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Hinkle, M. and Heller, P. and Van der Kloot, W.},
title = {The influence of potassium and chloride ions on the membrane potential of single muscle fibers of the crayfish},
journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology},
volume = {40},
number = {1},
pages = {181-201},
note = {Hinkle, M
Heller, P
Van der Kloot, W
Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol. 1971 Sep 1;40(1):181-201.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4401094},
keywords = {Aminobutyrates/pharmacology
Animals
Astacoidea
Cell Membrane/metabolism
Cell Membrane Permeability
Chlorides/*metabolism/pharmacology
Electric Conductivity
Kinetics
Mathematics
Membrane Potentials/*drug effects
Models, Biological
Muscles/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism
Potassium/*metabolism/pharmacology
Potassium Chloride/pharmacology},
ISSN = {0300-9629 (Print)
0300-9629 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/0300-9629(71)90160-5},
year = {1971},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Hodgkin, A. L. and Horowicz, P.},
title = {The influence of potassium and chloride ions on the membrane potential of single muscle fibres},
journal = {The Journal of physiology},
volume = {148},
pages = {127-60},
note = {HODGKIN, A L
HOROWICZ, P
Not Available
J Physiol. 1959 Oct;148:127-60.
http://jp.physoc.org/content/148/1/127.full.pdf},
keywords = {Chlorides/*pharmacology
Muscles/*pharmacology
Potassium/*pharmacology},
ISSN = {0022-3751 (Print)
0022-3751 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14402240},
year = {1959},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Hong, S. J. and Lnenicka, G. A.},
title = {Activity-dependent reduction in voltage-dependent calcium current in a crayfish motoneuron},
journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
volume = {15},
number = {5 Pt 1},
pages = {3539-47},
note = {Hong, S J
Lnenicka, G A
J Neurosci. 1995 May;15(5 Pt 1):3539-47.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7751929
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/5/3539.full.pdf},
abstract = {The effect of increased impulse activity upon voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents was studied in the cell body of a crayfish phasic motoneuron using two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. Increased electrical activity in this relatively inactive motoneuron produces a short-term and long-term reduction in the voltage-dependent Ca2+ current. Both forms of activity-dependent reduction in Ca2+ current are Ca2+ dependent. The short-term reduction in Ca2+ current appears to involve the Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of Ca2+ channels, previously described in a variety of neurons. The long-term reduction in Ca2+ current is produced by prolonged Ca2+ influx and persists for days: in vivo stimulation of the phasic motor axon at 5 Hz for 1 hr results in a 30% reduction in Ca2+ current density, which persists for at least 3 d. Both the short-term and long-term reductions in Ca2+ current appear to result from changes in a single type of high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ channel. Inhibition of protein synthesis attenuates the long-term reduction in Ca2+ current and has no effect upon the short-term Ca2+ current reduction. During the long-term reduction in Ca2+ current, it appears that Ca2+ channels located distant to the site of Ca2+ influx are affected. The relationship of these results to a previously described Ca(2+)-dependent reduction in transmitter release is discussed.},
keywords = {Animals
Astacoidea
Axons/drug effects/physiology
Cadmium/pharmacology
Calcium/pharmacology
Calcium Channels/drug effects/*physiology
Cycloheximide/pharmacology
Electric Stimulation
Motor Neurons/drug effects/*physiology
Patch-Clamp Techniques
Synapses/physiology
Time Factors},
ISSN = {0270-6474 (Print)
0270-6474 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/5/3539.short},
year = {1995},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Honoré, E.},
title = {The neuronal background K2P channels: Focus on TREK1},
journal = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
pages = {251-61},
note = {Honore, Eric
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
2007/03/22 09:00
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Apr;8(4):251-61.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17375039},
abstract = {Two-pore-domain K(+) (K(2P)) channel subunits are made up of four transmembrane segments and two pore-forming domains that are arranged in tandem and function as either homo- or heterodimeric channels. This structural motif is associated with unusual gating properties, including background channel activity and sensitivity to membrane stretch. Moreover, K(2P) channels are modulated by a variety of cellular lipids and pharmacological agents, including polyunsaturated fatty acids and volatile general anaesthetics. Recent in vivo studies have demonstrated that TREK1, the most thoroughly studied K(2P) channel, has a key role in the cellular mechanisms of neuroprotection, anaesthesia, pain and depression.},
keywords = {Anesthetics/pharmacology
Animals
Humans
Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
Pain/physiopathology
Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain/drug effects/genetics/*physiology},
ISSN = {1471-003X (Print)
1471-003X (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1038/nrn2117},
year = {2007},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Hoyle, G.},
title = {Muscles and their Neural Control},
publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
address = {New York},
pages = {483-525},
year = {1983},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Hultborn, H. and Kiehn, O.},
title = {Neuromodulation of vertebrate motor neuron membrane properties},
journal = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
volume = {2},
number = {6},
pages = {770-5},
note = {Hultborn, H
Kiehn, O
ENGLAND
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1992 Dec;2(6):770-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1282406},
abstract = {The short-term function of motor neurons is to integrate synaptic inputs converging onto the somato-dendritic membrane and to transform the net synaptic drive into spike trains. A set of voltage-gated ion channels determines the electro-responsiveness and thereby the motor neuron's input-output function. In addition, several of the decisive ion channels are transmitter controlled, which results in a flexible control of the input-output relationship.},
keywords = {Animals
Brachyura/physiology
Cell Membrane/*physiology
Ion Channel Gating
Ion Channels/physiology
Locomotion/physiology
Membrane Potentials
Motor Neurons/*physiology/ultrastructure
Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology
Serotonin/physiology
Synapses/physiology
Vertebrates/*physiology},
ISSN = {0959-4388 (Print)
0959-4388 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/0959-4388(92)90132-5},
year = {1992},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Jan, L. Y. and Jan, Y. N.},
title = {Voltage-gated potassium channels and the diversity of electrical signalling},
journal = {J Physiol},
volume = {590},
number = {Pt 11},
pages = {2591-9},
note = {Jan, Lily Yeh
Jan, Yuh Nung
eng
MH065334/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
Howard Hughes Medical Institute/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
2012/03/21 06:00
J Physiol. 2012 Jun 1;590(Pt 11):2591-9. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224212. Epub 2012 Mar 19.},
abstract = {Since Hodgkin and Huxley discovered the potassium current that underlies the falling phase of action potentials in the squid giant axon, the diversity of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels has been manifested in multiple ways. The large and extended potassium channel family is evolutionarily conserved molecularly and functionally. Alternative splicing and RNA editing of Kv channel genes diversify the channel property and expression level. The mix-and-match of subunits in a Kv channel that contains four similar or identical pore-forming subunits and additional auxiliary subunits further diversify Kv channels. Moreover, targeting of different Kv channels to specific subcellular compartments and local translation of Kv channel mRNA in neuronal processes diversify axonal and dendritic action potentials and influence how synaptic plasticity may be modulated. As one indication of the evolutionary conservation of Kv1 channel functions, mutations of the Shaker potassium channel gene in Drosophila and the KCNA1 gene for its mammalian orthologue, Kv1.1, cause hyperexcitability near axon branch points and nerve terminals, thereby leading to uncontrolled movements and recapitulating the episodic ataxia-1 (EA1) symptoms in human patients.},
keywords = {Animals
Evolution, Molecular
Genetic Variation
Hippocampus/physiology
Humans
Neurons/physiology
Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/*physiology},
ISSN = {1469-7793 (Electronic)
0022-3751 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224212},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22431339},
year = {2012},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Johnson, B. R. and Hauptman, S. A. and Bonow, R. H.},
title = {Construction of a simple suction electrode for extracellular recording and stimulation},
journal = {Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {A21-6},
note = {Johnson, Bruce R
Hauptman, Stephen A
Bonow, Robert H
eng
2007/10/01 00:00
J Undergrad Neurosci Educ. 2007 Fall;6(1):A21-6. Epub 2007 Oct 15.},
abstract = {Principles of signal transmission in nervous systems are commonly demonstrated in the undergraduate neuroscience laboratory through extracellular recording of nerve and muscle action potentials. Here we describe the construction of a simple suction electrode that we use routinely in our laboratory classes for nerve recording and stimulation. The electrode parts are relatively inexpensive, easily available from established scientific and electronic distributors and local hardware stores, and the electrode is resilient to student handling. Our undergraduate students use this electrode design for high resolution, extracellular recordings of action potentials from crayfish motor and sensory nerves and insect muscle, and for stimulation of crustacean and insect motor nerves.},
ISSN = {1544-2896 (Electronic)
1544-2896 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493751},
year = {2007},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Johnson, B. R. and Peck, J. H. and Harris-Warrick, R. M.},
title = {Distributed amine modulation of graded chemical transmission in the pyloric network of the lobster stomatogastric ganglion},
journal = {Journal of neurophysiology},
volume = {74},
number = {1},
pages = {437-52},
note = {Johnson, B R
Peck, J H
Harris-Warrick, R M
NS-07859/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
NS-17323/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
J Neurophysiol. 1995 Jul;74(1):437-52.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7472345},
abstract = {1. In the pyloric network of the lobster stomatogastric ganglion, graded synapses organize the network output. The amines dopamine (DA), serotonin, and octopamine each elicit a distinctive motor pattern from a quiescent pyloric network. We have examined the effects of these amines on the graded synaptic strengths between the six major types of neurons of this network to understand how amine modulation of synaptic strength contributes to the amine-induced motor patterns. Here we tested amine affects at 10 different graded chemical synapses of the pyloric network. We show that each amine has a statistically different spectrum of distributed effects across the network synapses. 2. Under our control conditions (isolated pairs of neurons, removal of modulatory input), most of the graded chemical synapses were weak and some synapses were nonfunctional. The output synapses of the ventricular dilator (VD) neuron were significantly stronger than the other synapses. 3. DA altered the synaptic strength of every graded chemical synapse. This amine strengthened the weak chemical output synapses of the anterior burster (AB), lateral pyloric (LP), and pyloric constrictor (PY) neurons and weakened (and in some cases abolished) the strong chemical output synapses of the VD neuron. The AB-->inferior cardiac neuron (IC) and PY-->IC graded chemical synapses were nonfunctional under our control conditions; DA activated these silent synapses. 4. Serotonin enhanced the AB's output chemical synapses but weakened all the other graded chemical synapses examined. Octopamine's effects were much weaker than those of the other two amines. It enhanced the AB-->LP synapse and the LP's output synapses and weakly strengthened the AB-->PY, VD-->LP, and VD-->PY synapses. 5. The amines alter the input resistance of many of the pyloric neurons, and this could contribute to the observed changes in synaptic strength by altering passive current flow between input and output sites in the cells. However, the input resistance changes were relatively small compared with the changes in synaptic strength and cannot alone account for the synaptic modulation. In some cases the sign of the input resistance change was inconsistent with the change in synaptic strength. Thus the amines appear to modify synaptic transmission directly in this system. 6. This study completes our description of amine effects on all the graded synapses of the pyloric network. We summarize our present and earlier work to show that modulators can reconfigure the entire synaptic organization of a neural network by acting at many distributed synaptic sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
keywords = {Analysis of Variance
Animals
Biogenic Monoamines/*physiology
Dopamine/physiology
Ganglia, Invertebrate/cytology/*physiology
Membrane Potentials/drug effects/physiology
Microelectrodes
Nephropidae/*physiology
Neurons/*physiology
Octopamine/physiology
Pylorus/innervation/physiology
Serotonin/physiology
Synapses/drug effects/physiology
Synaptic Transmission/*physiology
Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology},
ISSN = {0022-3077 (Print)
0022-3077 (Linking)},
url = {http://jn.physiology.org/content/74/1/437.long},
year = {1995},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Johnson, B. R. and Wyttenbach, R. A. and Wayne, R. and Hoy, R. R.},
title = {Action potentials in a giant algal cell: A comparative approach to mechanisms and evolution of excitability},
journal = {Journal of undergraduate neuroscience education},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
pages = {A23-7},
note = {Johnson, Bruce R
Wyttenbach, Robert A
Wayne, Randy
Hoy, Ronald R
eng
2002/10/01 00:00
J Undergrad Neurosci Educ. 2002 Fall;1(1):A23-7. Epub 2002 Oct 15.},
abstract = {The giant alga Chara corallina generates action potentials (APs) in response to mechanical stimulation, injury, or direct electrical stimulation. Students examine the waveform characteristics of these APs using standard intracellular recording techniques. Intracellular recording is easier than with neurons because of the large size of the Chara cell. Students observe very negative resting potentials (up to -250 mV), large AP amplitudes with depolarizing peaks approaching 0 mV, AP durations of seconds, and refractory periods up to several minutes. Students calculate Nernst potentials for the ions distributed across the Chara cell membrane to hypothesize the ions responsible for the resting potential and for the depolarizing phase of the AP. These calculations suggest that K(+) is responsible for the resting potential and that Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) efflux are responsible for depolarizing phases of the AP, which they are. Comparison of the Chara AP characteristics with animal neuron and muscle APs reinforces understanding of mechanisms of excitability in animals, demonstrates that multiple solutions exist for action potential generation, and leads to discussion of the evolution of ion channels and excitability.},
ISSN = {1544-2896 (Electronic)
1544-2896 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493389},
year = {2002},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Jones, S. W.},
title = {On the resting potential of isolated frog sympathetic neurons},
journal = {Neuron},
volume = {3},
number = {2},
pages = {153-61},
note = {Jones, S W
NS 24471/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
Neuron. 1989 Aug;3(2):153-61.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2560389},
abstract = {One of the oldest questions of electrophysiology, the origin of the resting potential, has yet to be answered satisfactorily for most cells. Isolated frog sympathetic neurons, studied with whole-cell recording, generally have resting potentials of approximately -75 mV with an input resistance of approximately 300 M omega. These properties are not expected from the M-type K+ current (IM) or from other ionic currents previously described in these cells. In the -60 to -110 M mV voltage region, at least three currents are present: an inwardly rectifying current (IQ), a resting current with little voltage sensitivity carried at least in part by K+, and a (Na+,K+)ATPase pump current. The resting K+ current, not IM or IQ is the primary ionic current near the resting potential under these conditions. The electrogenic pump contributes an additional approximately 10 mV of hyperpolarization.},
keywords = {Animals
Calcium/metabolism/physiology
Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology
Cell Separation
Ganglia, Sympathetic/cytology/metabolism/*physiology
Membrane Potentials/physiology
Microelectrodes
Neurons/cytology/metabolism/*physiology
Potassium/metabolism/physiology
Rana catesbeiana
Rana pipiens
Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/physiology},
ISSN = {0896-6273 (Print)
0896-6273 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/0896-6273(89)90028-7},
year = {1989},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Junge, D.},
title = {Nerve and Muscle Excitation},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
pages = {2-7},
note = {http://books.google.com/books?id=RktRAAAAMAAJ},
ISBN = {9780878934102},
year = {1981},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Kandel, E.R. and Schwartz, J.H. and Jessell, T.M. and Siegelbaum, S.A. and Hudspeth, A.J.},
title = {Principles of Neural Science},
publisher = {McGraw Hill},
edition = {5},
chapter = {21-22, 35-36},
ISBN = {9780071390118},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=s64z-LdAIsEC},
year = {2013},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Kaneko, T. and Saito, C. and Shimmen, T. and Kikuyama, M.},
title = {Possible involvement of mechanosensitive Ca2+ channels of plasma membrane in mechanoperception in Chara},
journal = {Plant & cell physiology},
volume = {46},
number = {1},
pages = {130-5},
note = {Kaneko, Toshiyuki
Saito, Chiyuki
Shimmen, Teruo
Kikuyama, Munehiro
Japan
Plant Cell Physiol. 2005 Jan;46(1):130-5. Epub 2005 Jan 19.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15659450
http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/46/1/130.full.pdf},
abstract = {When an internodal cell of Chara corallina was stimulated with a mechanical pulse of various amplitudes lasting for 0.1 s (mechanical stimulus), the cell generated a receptor potential, which was highly dependent not only on the strength of the stimulus but also on the extracellular Cl- concentration. Extracellular Ca2+ was indispensable for generating receptor potential, since removal of Ca2+ reversibly inhibited generation of the receptor potential. The cytoplasmic Ca2+ level transiently rose upon mechanical stimulation. The stronger the mechanical stimulus, the larger was the increase in the cytoplasmic level of Ca2+. It is proposed that the first step of receptor potential is an activation of mechanosensitive Ca2+ channels at the plasma membrane.},
keywords = {Calcium Channels/*metabolism
Cell Membrane/metabolism
Chara/*metabolism
Mechanotransduction, Cellular
Membrane Potentials},
ISSN = {0032-0781 (Print)
0032-0781 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1093/pcp/pci004},
year = {2005},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Katz, B.},
title = {Nerve, Muscle, and Synapse},
publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
address = {New York},
pages = {17-19},
year = {1966},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Kennedy, D. and Evoy, W. H. and Fields, H. L.},
title = {The unit basis of some crustacean reflexes},
journal = {Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology},
volume = {20},
pages = {75-109},
note = {Kennedy, D
Evoy, W H
Fields, H L
ENGLAND
Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1966;20:75-109.},
keywords = {Animals
Axons/physiology
Crustacea
Electrophysiology
Motor Neurons/*physiology
Movement/*physiology
Muscles/physiology
*Neural Conduction
*Reflex},
ISSN = {0081-1386 (Print)
0081-1386 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5958371},
year = {1966},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Kennedy, Donald and Takeda, Kimihisa},
title = {Reflex control of abdominal flexor muscles in the crayfish I. The twitch system},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
volume = {43},
number = {2},
pages = {221-227},
ISSN = {0022-0949},
url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/43/2/211.full.pdf},
year = {1965},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Kennedy, Donald and Takeda, Kimihisa},
title = {Reflex control of abdominal flexor muscles in the crayfish II. The tonic system},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
volume = {43},
number = {2},
pages = {229-246},
ISSN = {0022-0949},
url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/43/2/229.full.pdf},
year = {1965},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Kerkut, G. A. and Gardner, D. R.},
title = {The role of calcium ions in the action potentials of Helix aspersa neurones},
journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {147-162},
note = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010406X6790730X},
ISSN = {0010-406X},
DOI = {10.1016/0010-406X(67)90730-X},
year = {1967},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Kerkut, G. A. and Lambert, J. D. C. and Gayton, R. J. and Loker, Janet E. and Walker, R. J.},
title = {Mapping of nerve cells in the suboesophageal ganglia of Helix aspersa},
journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology},
volume = {50},
number = {1},
pages = {147-162},
note = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010406X75801940},
abstract = {Abstracto1. More than 100 different neurones have been investigated in three suboesophageal ganglia (left parietal, visceral and right parietal ganglia) of the snail Helix aspersa. 2. Diagrams and photographs of the ganglia are presented so that the cells may be identified and localized. 3. The responses following stimulation of the main peripheral nerve trunks are analysed and described, in terms of EPSP, IPSP and antidromic potentials. 4. The cells' responses to iontophoretic application of acetylcholine, dopamine, 5-HT and glutamate are described. The majority of responses to the drugs are as follows: H to ACh; H to dopamine; H to 5-HT and D to glutamate. 5. The anatomical position, spontaneous electrical activity and responses to stimulation of the main peripheral nerves and drug application make it possible to identify specific nerve cells from preparation to preparation. 6. The axons from some cells have been traced following intracellular injections of CoCl2 and precipitation of CoS. This supported the electrophysiological method of tracing axons by recording antidromic spikes in the cell body following stimulation of a peripheral nerve. 7. It is suggested that some of the nerve cells will be homologous with other nerve cells throughout the Gastropod Molluscs.},
ISSN = {0300-9629},
DOI = {10.1016/S0010-406X(75)80194-0},
year = {1975},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Kerkut, G. A. and Thomas, R. C.},
title = {An electrogenic sodium pump in snail nerve cells},
journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {167-183},
note = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010406X65900174},
abstract = {1. 1. If sodium ions are injected at the rate of 4·4 mM/min into a snail neurone, there is an increase in the membrane potential by about 30 mV in 10 min. 2. 2. This marked hyperpolarization is not brought about if potassium ions are injected instead. 3. 3. The hyperpolarization is inhibited by ouabain, parachloromercuribenzoate or reduction in the potassium concentration. 4. 4. It is concluded that the hyperpolarization is due to the stimulation of an electrogenic sodium pump in the nerve cell.},
ISSN = {0010-406X},
DOI = {10.1016/0010-406X(65)90017-4},
year = {1965},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Kikuyama, Munehiro and Tazawa, Masashi},
title = {Temporal relationship between action potential and Ca2+ transient in characean cells},
journal = {Plant and Cell Physiology},
volume = {39},
number = {12},
pages = {1359-1366},
abstract = {Temporal relationship between the action potential and the change in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration was investigated in cells of four species of Characeae, Chara corallina, Nitellopsis obtusa, Nitella flexilis and Nitella axilliformis. The Ca2+ transient was detected by light emission from Ca2+-sensitive photoprotein aequorin injected into the cytoplasm. Action potential was triggered by an outward or sometimes inward electric current pulse of 20–50 ms in most cases. In all species the action potential started at almost the same time as the time at which the light emission from aequorin began to increase. Also the peak of action potential almost coincided with that of light emission, which is in contrast with the slower Ca2+ transient in Chara reported by Thiel et al. [(1997) J. Exp. Bot. 48: 609]. A discussion was made on the origin of Ca2+ transient and the ionic processes during membrane excitation.},
url = {http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/12/1359},
year = {1998},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Klug, A.},
title = {Short-term synaptic plasticity in the auditory brain stem by using in-vivo-like stimulation parameters},
journal = {Hear Res},
volume = {279},
number = {1-2},
pages = {51-9},
note = {Klug, Achim
eng
Review
Netherlands
2011/06/07 06:00
Hear Res. 2011 Sep;279(1-2):51-9. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2011.05.011. Epub 2011 May 27.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21640177},
abstract = {Reduced systems such as brain slices offer a powerful approach to study the physiology of auditory neurons in great detail. However, when studying auditory nuclei in reduced systems such as brain slices, especially highly active auditory brain stem nuclei, one has to be aware that the unphysiological lack of activity in the reduced system compared to the in-vivo situation has a number of important effects on the neurons under investigation, and thus on the data that are measured. Most importantly, the lack of chronic activity in the slice preparation has important effects on the properties of short-term plasticity of the synapses. The main purpose of this article is to discuss how spontaneous activity in auditory neurons, or the lack thereof, can affect the data measured.},
keywords = {Animals
Auditory Pathways/*physiology
Brain Stem/*physiology
Calcium/metabolism
Electrophysiology/methods
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology
Humans
Models, Biological
Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology
Neurons/metabolism
Synapses/*physiology
Synaptic Transmission/*physiology},
ISSN = {1878-5891 (Electronic)
0378-5955 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/j.heares.2011.05.011},
year = {2011},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Koester, J. and Siegelbaum, S.A.},
title = {Membrane potential and the passive electrical properties of the neuron},
booktitle = {Principles of Neural Science},
editor = {Kandel, E.R. and Schwartz, J.H. and Jessell, T.M. and Siegelbaum, S.A. and Hudspeth, A.J.},
publisher = {McGraw Hill},
address = {Newark},
edition = {5},
chapter = {6},
note = {pp. 126-147},
ISBN = {9780071390118},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=s64z-LdAIsEC},
year = {2013},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Kostyuk, P.G.},
title = {Ionic background of activity in giant neurons of molluscs},
booktitle = {Neurobiology of Invertebrates},
editor = {Salánki, J.},
publisher = {Plenum Press},
address = {New York},
pages = {145-167},
note = {(Magyar Tudományos Akadémia)
Reprinted 2012 by Springer US ISBN 1461586208, 9781461586203},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=19tIcgAACAAJ},
year = {1968},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Krause, Kristin M. and Vélez, Samuel J.},
title = {Regeneration of neuromuscular connections in crayfish allotransplanted neurons},
journal = {Journal of neurobiology},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
pages = {154-171},
note = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480270204
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/neu.480270204/abstract},
abstract = {Transplantation of whole ganglia was used to study the regeneration of four of the neurons that innervate the superficial flexor muscles of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The isolated ganglia containing the somas of these neurons were successfully transplanted from one crayfish to another. Reinnervation proceeded across the muscle surface and by 8 to 10 weeks connections were detected across the entire target field. At different time periods after the transplant, junction potentials (JPs) produced in phase with spontaneous neuronal spikes were recorded. The distribution of JP sizes and their decay times were examined. JPs from transplanted preparations were smaller than JPs from control or normal regeneration animals. These JPs also failed to facilitate when stimulated at 1 and 10 Hz. These are normal characteristics of immature terminals, but in the transplant preparations, once established, they remained stable for the duration of the study. Thus, synaptogenesis appears to be arrested at a stage before synaptic efficacy is established in the allotransplants. In addition, connectivity maps were plotted for each axon over the muscle surface. Some muscle fibers did not receive any contacts, and overall innervation leveled off at around 60% of the muscle fibers, remaining stable for the duration of this study. Despite the incomplete physiological innervation, however, three of the four neurons showed the same medial/lateral preferences observed in control animals, regenerating their original patterns of connectivity across the muscle surface. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.},
keywords = {ganglia
allotransplants
crustaceans
regeneration
junction potential},
ISSN = {1097-4695},
DOI = {10.1002/neu.480270204},
year = {1995},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Kularatne, S. A. and Senanayake, N.},
title = {Venomous snake bites, scorpions, and spiders},
journal = {Handb Clin Neurol},
volume = {120},
pages = {987-1001},
note = {Kularatne, S A M
Senanayake, Nimal
eng
Review
Netherlands
2013/12/25 06:00
Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;120:987-1001. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4087-0.00066-8.},
abstract = {Neurologic dysfunction due to natural neurotoxins is an important, but neglected, public health hazard in many parts of the world, particularly in the tropics. These toxins are produced by or found among a variety of live forms that include venomous snakes, arthropods such as scorpions, spiders, centipedes, stinging insects (Hymenoptera), ticks, certain poisonous fish, shellfish, crabs, cone shells, skin secretions of dart-poison frogs, and bacterial poisons such as botulinum toxin. These toxins commonly act on neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction where acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter, but in certain situations the toxins interfere with neurotransmitters such as GABA, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyrate. Of the toxins, alpha-toxins and kappa-toxins (e.g., Chinese krait, Bungarus multicinctus) act on the postsynaptic membrane, blocking the receptors, whilst beta-toxin (e.g., common krait, B. caeruleus) acts on the presynaptic membrane, causing impairment of acetylcholine release. Conversely, dendrotoxins of the African mamba enhance acetylcholine release. The toxins of scorpions and spiders commonly interfere with voltage-gated ion channels. Clinically, the cardinal manifestation is muscle paralysis. In severe cases respiratory paralysis could be fatal. Effective antivenoms are the mainstay of treatment of envenoming, but their lack of availability is the major concern in the regions of the globe where they are desperately needed. Interestingly, some toxins have proved to be valuable pharmaceutical agents, while some others are widely exploited to study neuromuscular physiology and pathology.},
keywords = {Animals
Humans
Nervous System Diseases/*etiology
Scorpion Stings/*complications
Snake Bites/*complications
Spider Bites/*complications
Venoms/*toxicity},
ISSN = {0072-9752 (Print)
0072-9752 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/B978-0-7020-4087-0.00066-8},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24365366},
year = {2014},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Land, B.R. and Johnson, B. R. and Wyttenbach, R.A. and Hoy, R. R.},
title = {Tools for physiology labs: Inexpensive equipment for physiological stimulation},
journal = {Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
pages = {A30-35},
note = {PMID: 23493817 [PubMed] PMCID: PMC3592603 },
ISSN = {1544-2896 (Electronic)
1544-2896 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493817},
year = {2007},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Land, Bruce R. and Wyttenbach, Robert A. and Johnson, Bruce R.},
title = {Tools for physiology labs: An inexpensive high-performance amplifier and electrode for extracellular recording},
journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods},
volume = {106},
number = {1},
pages = {47-55},
note = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165027001003284},
abstract = {The cost of electronic equipment can be a critical barrier to including neurophysiology exercises in biology teaching programs. We describe the construction of a simple and inexpensive AC preamplifier with performance comparable to that of commercial products. The amplifier consists of two integrated circuits in five stages: differential input, fixed gain, variable gain (100 or 1000), low-pass filter (5 or 20 kHz), and 50 or 60 Hz notch filter. We compared our amplifier with two commercial units, the A-M Systems Model 1700 and the Grass P15. The quality of extracellular recording from a typical student preparation (spontaneously active crayfish motor nerve) was the same for all three amplifiers, although our amplifier has slightly higher internal noise than the P15 and slightly lower common-mode rejection than the 1700 and P15. In addition, we describe a simple suction electrode for extracellular nerve recording. It is easily constructed from readily available materials and uses a disposable plastic pipette tip, instead of the traditional glass tip, to contact the nerve. This tip is easily replaced if broken or clogged, and can be adapted to different recording conditions by selecting a different tip size or stretching the plastic. Development of this equipment is part of an ongoing project to promote neuroscience education by expanding the neurophysiology options available to laboratory instructors.},
keywords = {Electrophysiology
Neurophysiology
Nerve
Muscle},
ISSN = {0165-0270},
DOI = {10.1016/S0165-0270(01)00328-4},
year = {2001},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Larimer, James L.},
title = {The command hypothesis: A new view using an old example},
journal = {Trends in neurosciences},
volume = {11},
number = {11},
pages = {506-510},
note = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0166223688900136},
abstract = {The interneurons that underlie abdominal flexion and extension behaviors in crustaceans were among the first to be called command neurons. They fit the original operational definition as cells that produce a well-defined movement or behavior when stimulated. Many examples of these cells are now known to influence behaviors throughout the animal kingdom. The early observation that stimulation of a single command neuron in a crustacean was sufficient to generate an apparently complete behavior led to the erroneous belief that one neuron might be responsible for one behavior. We now know that the strong stimulation of one command element is sufficient to recruit synaptically a group of similar neurons. In addition to the synaptic recruitment of agonists there is also a synaptic inhibition of their antagonists, resulting in what appears to be a complete behavior with reciprocity. Importantly, there is also evidence for the operation of similar functional groups in behaving animals. During animal-initiated behavior, each neuron in the functional group apparently makes only a minor contribution to the total motor output with the result that no single neuron in the group is necessary to generate the behavior. If the necessity criterion is a requirement to define a command neuron, then abdominal positioning interneurons can no longer be considered command neurons. Instead, they are cells with lesser roles, perhaps command elements in larger command systems. In spite of their diminished status, command elements occupy key positions in this and other motor systems.},
ISSN = {0166-2236},
DOI = {10.1016/0166-2236(88)90013-6},
year = {1988},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Larimer, James L. and Moore, Darrell},
title = {Neural basis of a simple behavior: Abdominal positioning in crayfish},
journal = {Microscopy Research and Technique},
volume = {60},
number = {3},
pages = {346-359},
abstract = {Crustaceans have been used extensively as models for studying the nervous system. Members of the Order Decapoda, particularly the larger species such as lobsters and crayfish, have large segmented abdomens that are positioned by tonic flexor and extensor muscles. Importantly, the innervation of these tonic muscles is known in some detail. Each abdominal segment in crayfish is innervated bilaterally by three sets of nerves. The anterior pair of nerves in each ganglion controls the swimmeret appendages and sensory supply. The middle pair of nerves innervates the tonic extensor muscles and the regional sensory supply. The superficial branch of the most posterior pair of nerves in each ganglion is exclusively motor and supplies the tonic flexor muscles of that segment. The extension and flexion motor nerves contain six motor neurons, each of which is different in axonal diameter and thus produces impulses of different amplitude. Motor programs controlling each muscle can be characterized by the identifiable motor neurons that are activated. Early work in this field discovered that specific central interneurons control the abdominal positioning motor neurons. These interneurons were first referred to as “command neurons” and later as “command elements.” Stimulation of an appropriate command element causes a complex, widespread output involving dozens of motor neurons. The output can be patterned even though the stimulus to the command element is of constant interval. The command elements are identifiable cells. When a stimulus is repeated in a command element, from either the same individual or from different individuals, the output is substantially the same. This outcome depends upon several factors. First, the command elements are not only identifiable, but they make many synapses with other neurons, and the synapses are substantially invariant. There are separate flexion-producing and extension-producing command elements. Abdominal flexion-producing command elements excite other flexion elements and inhibit extensor command elements. The extension producing elements do the opposite. These interactions insure that interneurons of a particular class (flexion- or extension-producing) synaptically recruit perhaps twenty others of similar output, and that command elements promoting the opposing movements are inhibited. This strong reciprocity and the recruitment of similar command elements give a powerful motor program that appears to mimic behavior. Microsc. Res. Tech. 60:346–359, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
keywords = {motor control
crustaceans
command elements
command system},
ISSN = {1097-0029},
DOI = {10.1002/jemt.10273},
year = {2003},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Leise, Esther M. and Hall, Wendy M. and Mulloney, Brian},
title = {Functional organization of crayfish abdominal ganglia: I. The flexor systems},
journal = {The Journal of Comparative Neurology},
volume = {253},
number = {1},
pages = {25-45},
note = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902530104
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.902530104/abstract},
abstract = {For insect ganglia, Altman (A dvances in Physiological Science, Vol. 23. Neurobiology of Invertebrates. New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 537–555, '81) proposed that individual neuropils control different motor activities. A corollary of this hypothesis is that motor neurons involved in many behavioral functions should branch in more neuropils than those active in fewer behaviors. In crayfish, the abdominal fast-flexor muscles are active only during the generation of the powerstroke for tailflips, whereas the slow-flexor muscles are involved in the maintenance of body posture. The slow flexors are thus active in many of the crayfish's behavioral activities. To test the generality of Altman's idea, we filled groups of crayfish fast-flexor and slow-flexors were motor neurons with cobalt chloride and described their shapes with respect to the ganglionic structures through which they pass. Individual fast flexors were also filled intracellularly with HRP. Ganglia containing well-filled neurons were osmicated, embedded in plastec, and sectioned. Unstained sections were examined by light microscopy and pertinent sections were photographed. We found that the paths of the larger neurites were invariant, that the dendritic domains of fast and slow motor neurons occupied distinctive sets of neuropils, and that dendrites of slow motor neurons branched in more ganglionic structures than did those of fast motor neurons. These results are consistent with Altman's hypothesis.},
keywords = {axon tract
backfill
commissure
neuropil
motor neurons},
ISSN = {1096-9861},
DOI = {10.1002/cne.902530104},
year = {1986},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Lesage, Florian and Lazdunski, Michel},
title = {Molecular and functional properties of two-pore-domain potassium channels},
journal = {American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology},
volume = {279},
number = {5},
pages = {F793-F801},
abstract = {The two-pore-domain K+ channels, or K2P channels, constitute a novel class of K+channel subunits. They have four transmembrane segments and are active as dimers. The tissue distribution of these channels is widespread, and they are found in both excitable and nonexcitable cells. K2P channels produce currents with unusual characteristics. They are quasi-instantaneous and noninactivating, and they are active at all membrane potentials and insensitive to the classic K+ channel blockers. These properties designate them as background K+ channels. They are expected to play a major role in setting the resting membrane potential in many cell types. Another salient feature of K2P channels is the diversity of their regulatory mechanisms. The weak inward rectifiers TWIK-1 and TWIK-2 are stimulated by activators of protein kinase C and decreased by internal acidification, the baseline TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ (TASK)-1 and TASK-2 channels are sensitive to external pH changes in a narrow range near physiological pH, and the TWIK-related (TREK)-1 and TWIK-related arachidonic acid-stimulated K+ (TRAAK) channels are the first cloned polyunsaturated fatty acids-activated and mechanogated K+ channels. The recent demonstration that TASK-1 and TREK-1 channels are activated by inhalational general anesthetics, and that TRAAK is activated by the neuroprotective agent riluzole, indicates that this novel class of K+ channels is an interesting target for new therapeutic developments.},
url = {http://ajprenal.physiology.org/content/ajprenal/279/5/F793.full.pdf},
year = {2000},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@book{
author = {Levy, J.},
title = {Poison: An Illustrated History},
publisher = {Globe Pequot Press},
address = {Guilford CT},
ISBN = {9780762770564},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=uOyscQAACAAJ},
year = {2011},
type = {Book}
}
@article{
author = {Li, W. C. and Sautois, B. and Roberts, A. and Soffe, S. R.},
title = {Reconfiguration of a vertebrate motor network: Specific neuron recruitment and context-dependent synaptic plasticity},
journal = {J Neurosci},
volume = {27},
number = {45},
pages = {12267-76},
note = {Li, Wen-Chang
Sautois, Bart
Roberts, Alan
Soffe, Stephen R
eng
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
2007/11/09 09:00
J Neurosci. 2007 Nov 7;27(45):12267-76.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17989292},
abstract = {Motor networks typically generate several related output patterns or gaits where individual neurons may be shared or recruited between patterns. We investigate how a vertebrate locomotor network is reconfigured to produce a second rhythmic motor pattern, defining the detailed pattern of neuronal recruitment and consequent changes in the mechanism for rhythm generation. Hatchling Xenopus tadpoles swim if touched, but when held make slower, stronger, struggling movements. In immobilized tadpoles, a brief current pulse to the skin initiates swimming, whereas 40 Hz pulses produce struggling. The classes of neurons active during struggling are defined using whole-cell patch recordings from hindbrain and spinal cord neurons during 40 Hz stimulation of the skin. Some motoneurons and inhibitory interneurons are active in both swimming and struggling, but more neurons are recruited within these classes during struggling. In addition, and in contrast to a previous study, we describe two new classes of excitatory interneuron specifically recruited during struggling and define their properties and synaptic connections. We then explore mechanisms that generate struggling by building a network model incorporating these new neurons. As well as the recruitment of new neuron classes, we show that reconfiguration of the locomotor network to the struggling central pattern generator (CPG) reveals a context-dependent synaptic depression of reciprocal inhibition: the result of increased inhibitory neuron firing frequency during struggling. This provides one possible mechanism for burst termination not seen in the swimming CPG. The direct demonstration of depression in reciprocal inhibition confirms a key element of Brown's (1911) hypothesis for locomotor rhythmogenesis.},
keywords = {Animals
Motor Neurons/cytology/*physiology
Nerve Net/cytology/*physiology
Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology
Neurons/cytology/physiology
Recruitment, Neurophysiological/*physiology
Synapses/*physiology
Xenopus},
ISSN = {1529-2401 (Electronic)
0270-6474 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3694-07.2007},
year = {2007},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Lichtman, J. W. and Livet, J. and Sanes, J. R.},
title = {A technicolour approach to the connectome},
journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
volume = {9},
number = {6},
pages = {417-22},
note = {Lichtman, Jeff W
Livet, Jean
Sanes, Joshua R
eng
R01 NS020364-26/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
Review
England
2008/05/01 09:00
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Jun;9(6):417-22. doi: 10.1038/nrn2391. Epub 2008 Apr 30.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18446160},
abstract = {A central aim of neuroscience is to map neural circuits, in order to learn how they account for mental activities and behaviours and how alterations in them lead to neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, the methods that are currently available for visualizing circuits have severe limitations that make it extremely difficult to extract precise wiring diagrams from histological images. Here we review recent advances in this area, along with some of the opportunities that these advances present and the obstacles that remain.},
keywords = {Animals
Animals, Genetically Modified
Brain/*physiology/ultrastructure
Brain Mapping/*methods
Coloring Agents/diagnostic use
Humans
Luminescent Proteins/diagnostic use/genetics
Microscopy, Electron
Neural Pathways/physiology/ultrastructure
Neurons/physiology
Neurosciences/*methods/*trends
Staining and Labeling
Transgenes},
ISSN = {1471-0048 (Electronic)
1471-003X (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1038/nrn2391},
year = {2008},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Llinas, R. R.},
title = {The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: Insights into central nervous system function},
journal = {Science},
volume = {242},
number = {4886},
pages = {1654-1664},
note = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/242/4886/1654.abstract},
abstract = {This article reviews the electroresponsive properties of single neurons in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). In some of these cells the ionic conductances responsible for their excitability also endow them with autorhythmic electrical oscillatory properties. Chemical or electrical synaptic contacts between these neurons often result in network oscillations. In such networks, autorhythmic neurons may act as true oscillators (as pacemakers) or as resonators (responding preferentially to certain firing frequencies). Oscillations and resonance in the CNS are proposed to have diverse functional roles, such as (i) determining global functional states (for example, sleep-wakefulness or attention), (ii) timing in motor coordination, and (iii) specifying connectivity during development. Also, oscillation, especially in the thalamo-cortical circuits, may be related to certain neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review proposes that the autorhythmic electrical properties of central neurons and their connectivity form the basis for an intrinsic functional coordinate system that provides internal context to sensory input.},
DOI = {10.1126/science.3059497},
year = {1988},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Lnenicka, Gregory A.},
title = {The role of activity in the development of phasic and tonic synaptic terminals},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {627},
number = {1},
pages = {197-211},
note = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25925.x
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25925.x/abstract},
ISSN = {1749-6632},
DOI = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25925.x},
year = {1991},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Loeb, G.E. and Gans, C},
title = {Electromyography for Experimentalists},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
address = {Chicago},
pages = {61, 71-76, 175-188},
year = {1986},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Loeb, G.E. and Gans, C},
title = {Electromyography for Experimentalists},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
address = {Chicago},
chapter = {2, 6, 12-13},
year = {1986},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Lunevsky, V. Z. and Zherelova, O. M. and Vostrikov, I. Y. and Berestovsky, G. N.},
title = {Excitation of Characeae cell membranes as a result of activation of calcium and chloride channels},
journal = {The Journal of Membrane Biology},
volume = {72},
number = {1-2},
pages = {43-58},
note = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01870313
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01870313},
keywords = {Characeae
voltage clamp
Ca2+ channel
Cl‚àí channel
ion selectivity
ethacrynic acid},
ISSN = {0022-2631},
DOI = {10.1007/bf01870313},
year = {1983},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Malenka, R.C. and Siegelbaum, S.A.},
title = {Synaptic plasticity: Diverse targets for regulating synaptic efficacy},
booktitle = {Synapses},
editor = {Cowan, W Maxwell and Südhof, Thomas C and Stevens, Charles F},
publisher = {The Johns Hopkins University Press},
address = {Baltimore},
chapter = {9},
ISBN = {0801871182},
year = {2001},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Mathie, A. and Veale, E. L.},
title = {Therapeutic potential of neuronal two-pore domain potassium-channel modulators},
journal = {Current opinion in investigational drugs},
volume = {8},
number = {7},
pages = {555-62},
note = {Mathie, Alistair
Veale, Emma L
England
London, England : 2000
Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Jul;8(7):555-62.},
abstract = {Two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are expressed in cells throughout the body and give rise to leak potassium currents which control the excitability of these cells. Although not inhibited by classical potassium channel-blocking drugs, such as tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine, K2P channels are regulated by a diverse array of pharmacological mediators. There are six main families of K2P channels and among these certain members of the TREK family (ie, TREK-1 and TREK-2) are activated by general anesthetic agents such as halothane, xenon and nitrous oxide. In addition, all members of the TREK familyare activated by neuroprotective agents, such as riluzole, polyunsaturated fatty acids and lysophospholipids, suggesting that these channels play an important role in neuroprotection. TREK channels are also inhibited by chlorpromazine, local anesthetics and the antidepressant fluoxetine. Furthermore, all members of the TASK family are inhibited by cannabinoids and local anesthetics, and TASK-3 is selectively inhibited by ruthenium red. Thus, the diversity and physiological importance of K2P channels suggest that the development of selective compounds to target these proteins has therapeutic potential for CNS disorders such as stroke, depression and epilepsy.},
keywords = {Anesthetics, General/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Animals
Central Nervous System Diseases/drug therapy/physiopathology
Humans
Molecular Structure
Neuroprotective Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage/chemistry
Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain/*agonists/*antagonists &
inhibitors/physiology},
ISSN = {1472-4472 (Print)
1472-4472 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17659475},
year = {2007},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {McCarthy, B.J. and Daws, A. and Macmillan, D. L.},
title = {The activity of abdominal stretch receptors during non-giant swimming in the crayfish Cherax destructor and their role in hydrodynamic efficiency},
journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology},
volume = {190},
number = {4},
pages = {291-299},
note = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-003-0491-2},
keywords = {Cherax destructor
Crayfish
Hydrodynamics
Muscle receptor organs
Swimming},
ISSN = {0340-7594},
DOI = {10.1007/s00359-003-0491-2},
year = {2004},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {McCarthy, B. J. and Macmillan, D. L.},
title = {The role of the muscle receptor organ in the control of abdominal extension in the crayfish, Cherax destructor},
journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
volume = {198},
number = {Pt 11},
pages = {2253-9},
note = {Mccarthy
Macmillan
J Exp Biol. 1995;198(Pt 11):2253-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9320171
},
abstract = {A platform was lowered from beneath suspended crayfish, Cherax destructor, to evoke slow abdominal extension. The movements were filmed and the length between segments plotted as a function of time. Unlike abdominal flexion, which starts posteriorly and progresses anteriorly, extension occurs at all joints simultaneously. Although the duration of extension varied from trial to trial for an individual, the movement was organised in a stereotyped manner: the abdomen achieved a consistent position for any given proportion of the time for complete extension. We examined the role of the abdominal muscle receptor organs (MROs) in extension by cutting the nerves of selected MROs to abolish their input. The extension movement was measured before and after nerve section for animals with either unloaded or loaded abdomens. Removal of MRO input had no significant effect on extension of the unloaded abdomen. In animals with a loaded abdomen, the extension at joints spanned by sectioned MROs was slowed, whereas that at joints with intact MROs was not. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the MRO is an error detector in a servo-loop controlling abdominal position. The results provide the first demonstration that this load-compensating reflex loop operates during naturally evoked extension of the abdomen under constant load.},
ISSN = {1477-9145 (Electronic)
0022-0949 (Linking)},
url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/198/11/2253.full.pdf},
year = {1995},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {McCarthy, B. J. and Macmillan, D. L.},
title = {Control of abdominal extension in the freely moving intact crayfish Cherax destructor. I. Activity of the tonic stretch receptor},
journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
volume = {202},
pages = {171-81},
note = {Mccarthy
Macmillan
J Exp Biol. 1999 Jan;202 (Pt 2):171-81.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851906
},
abstract = {Electrical recordings were made from the sensory neurone of the tonic muscle receptor organ in the abdomen of the intact, freely behaving crayfish Cherax destructor. Slow extensions of the abdomen were evoked by lowering a platform from beneath the suspended crayfish, and the movements and tonic sensory neurone activity were video-recorded simultaneously. The recordings showed that the tonic sensory neurone was active when the abdomen was fully flexed prior to the extension. When the extension began, however, the sensory neurone ceased firing shortly after movement was detected, irrespective of the load applied to the abdomen. When the abdomen was physically blocked from extending fully, the sensory neurone did not fire. The tonic muscle receptor organ is considered to be the length-detecting sensor for a load-compensating servo-loop, but the results demonstrate that its activity pattern during extensions evoked by a platform-drop in C. destructor are not consistent with that role.},
ISSN = {1477-9145 (Electronic)
0022-0949 (Linking)},
url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/202/2/171.full.pdf},
year = {1999},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {McCormick, D.A.},
title = {Membrane potential and action potential},
booktitle = {From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience},
editor = {Byrne, John H and Roberts, James L},
publisher = {Academic Press},
address = {San Diego},
chapter = {5},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0080920837},
year = {2009},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Meech, R.W. and Mackie, G.O.},
title = {Evolution of excitability in lower metazoans},
booktitle = {Invertebrate Neurobiology},
editor = {North, G. and Greenspan, R.J.},
publisher = {Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory Press},
address = {Cold Springs Harbor NY},
chapter = {22},
year = {2007},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Mercer, A.L.},
title = {Changing the way we perceive things: Sensory systems modulation},
booktitle = {Beyond Neurotransmission: Neuromodulation and Its Importance for Information Processing},
editor = {Katz, P.S.},
publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
address = {Oxford},
chapter = {6},
year = {1999},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Mercier, A. J. and Schiebe, M. and Atwood, H. L.},
title = {Pericardial peptides enhance synaptic transmission and tension in phasic extensor muscles of crayfish},
journal = {Neuroscience letters},
volume = {111},
number = {1-2},
pages = {92-8},
note = {Mercier, A J
Schiebe, M
Atwood, H L
NETHERLANDS
Neurosci Lett. 1990 Mar 26;111(1-2):92-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2336198},
abstract = {Two identified peptides, which are structurally related to FMRF-NH2 and are known to be associated with lobster pericardial organs, increase nerve-evoked tension and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) recorded from crayfish deep abdominal extensor muscles. At low stimulus frequencies, which produce marked depression of muscle twitches with successive stimuli, the peptides quickly and reversibly restore tension. Increased quantal content of transmitter release, rather than changes in postsynaptic input resistance, accounted for most of the increase in EPSP amplitude. The results support earlier suggestions that these two peptides may act as circulating neurohormones and provide the first evidence for peptidergic modulation of a phasic neuromuscular system in a crustacean.},
keywords = {Animals
Astacoidea/*physiology
Electric Stimulation
FMRFamide
Motor Neurons/drug effects/*physiology
Muscle Contraction/*drug effects
Muscles/*innervation/physiology
Neuropeptides/*pharmacology},
ISSN = {0304-3940 (Print)
0304-3940 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/0304-3940(90)90350-I},
year = {1990},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Miles, F.A.},
title = {Excitable Cells},
publisher = {Heinemann Medical Books, Ltd.},
address = {London},
chapter = {4},
year = {1969},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Millar, A. G. and Atwood, H. L.},
title = {Crustacean phasic and tonic motor neurons},
journal = {Integr Comp Biol},
volume = {44},
number = {1},
pages = {4-13},
note = {Millar, Andrew G
Atwood, Harold L
eng
England
2004/02/01 00:00
Integr Comp Biol. 2004 Feb;44(1):4-13. doi: 10.1093/icb/44.1.4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21680480},
abstract = {Crustacean motor neurons subserving locomotion are specialized for the type of activity in which they normally participate. Neurons responsible for maintained activity ('tonic' neurons) support moderate to high frequencies of nerve impulses intermittently or continuously during locomotion, while those recruited for short-lasting rapid responses ('phasic' neurons) generally fire a few impulses in a rapid burst during rapid locomotion and are otherwise silent. The synaptic responses of the two types, recorded at their respective neuromuscular junctions, differ enormously: phasic neurons exhibit much higher quantal release per synapse and per muscle fibre, along with more rapid synaptic depression and less short-term facilitation. We have analyzed the factors that are responsible for the large difference in initial release of neurotransmitter. Several possibilities, including synapse and active zone size differences, entry of calcium at active zones, and immediately releasable vesicle pools, could not account for the large phasic-tonic difference in initial transmitter output. The most likely feature that differentiates synaptic release is the sensitivity of the exocytotic machinery to intracellular calcium. Molecular features of the phasic and tonic presynaptic nerve terminals are currently under investigation.},
ISSN = {1540-7063 (Print)
1540-7063 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1093/icb/44.1.4},
year = {2004},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Miller, M. W. and Parnas, H. and Parnas, I.},
title = {Dopaminergic modulation of neuromuscular transmission in the prawn},
journal = {The Journal of physiology},
volume = {363},
pages = {363-75},
note = {Miller, M W
Parnas, H
Parnas, I
ENGLAND
J Physiol. 1985 Jun;363:363-75.
http://jp.physoc.org/content/363/1/363.full.pdf},
abstract = {The action of the putative crustacean neurohormone dopamine was examined in the fast extensor musculature of the prawn with intracellular and extracellular recording techniques. Dopamine produced a concentration-dependent (10(-7)-10(-5) M) decrease in the size of the excitatory junctional potential (e.j.p.). It had no effect on the muscle fibre resting membrane potential or input resistance. High concentrations (10(-5)M) of dopamine had no effect on the amplitude distribution or decay time of quantal unit currents, indicating that the agent does not act by blocking post-synaptic receptors or channels. Bath application of dopamine reduced the quantal content at single release sites with a similar time course and concentration dependence as that observed for the e.j.p. Dopamine had no effect on histograms of synaptic delays determined over a 10 degree C range, indicating that it does not modify the time course of phasic neurosecretion. Twin-impulse facilitation experiments showed a marked decrease in the duration of facilitation in the presence of dopamine. These results are interpreted according to recent theoretical and experimental findings as indicating that the dopamine-induced reduction in transmitter release is produced by a decrease in the entry of Ca during the nerve terminal action potential.},
keywords = {Action Potentials/drug effects
Animals
Decapoda (Crustacea)/*physiology
Dopamine/*pharmacology
Kinetics
Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology
Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology
Synapses/physiology
Synaptic Transmission/*drug effects
Time Factors},
ISSN = {0022-3751 (Print)
0022-3751 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2862279},
year = {1985},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Mittenthal, J. E. and Wine, J. J.},
title = {Segmental homology and variation in flexor motoneurons of the crayfish abdomen},
journal = {The Journal of Comparative Neurology},
volume = {177},
number = {2},
pages = {311-34},
note = {Mittenthal, J E
Wine, J J
J Comp Neurol. 1978 Jan 15;177(2):311-34.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/621294
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.901770209/abstract},
keywords = {Animals
Astacoidea/*anatomy & histology
Biological Evolution
Crustacea/anatomy & histology
Female
Ganglia/anatomy & histology/cytology
Insects/anatomy & histology
Male
*Motor Neurons
Nervous System/*anatomy & histology/cytology
Species Specificity},
ISSN = {0021-9967 (Print)
0021-9967 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1002/cne.901770209},
year = {1978},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Moller, Peter},
title = {Basic elements of electrocommunication systems},
booktitle = {Electric Fishes: History and Behavior},
editor = {Moller, Peter},
publisher = {Chapman and Hall},
address = {London},
volume = {17},
chapter = {8},
note = {Chapter 8, pp. 167-198},
ISBN = {0412373807},
year = {1995},
type = {Book Section}
}
@book{
author = {Moore, J.W. and Stuart, A.E.},
title = {Neurons in Action: Tutorials and Simulations Using NEURON},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
edition = {2},
ISBN = {9780878935482},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=XiGsPAAACAAJ},
year = {2007},
type = {Book}
}
@article{
author = {Mulloney, B. and Hall, W. M.},
title = {Functional organization of crayfish abdominal ganglia. III. Swimmeret motor neurons},
journal = {J Comp Neurol},
volume = {419},
number = {2},
pages = {233-43},
note = {Mulloney, B
Hall, W M
eng
NS 26742/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
2000/03/21 09:00
J Comp Neurol. 2000 Apr 3;419(2):233-43.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10723001},
abstract = {Swimmerets are limbs on several segments of the crayfish abdomen that are used for forward swimming and other behaviors. We present evidence that the functional modules demonstrated previously in physiological experiments are reflected in the morphological disposition of swimmeret motor neurons. The single nerve that innervates each swimmeret divides into two branches that separately contain the axons of power-stroke and return-stroke motor neurons. We used Co(++) or biocytin to backfill the entire pool of neurons that innervated a swimmeret, or functional subsets whose axons occurred in particular branches. Each filled cell body extended a single neurite that projected first to the Lateral Neuropil (LN), and there branched to form dendritic structures and its axon. All the motor neurons that innervated one swimmeret had cell bodies located in the ganglion from which their axons emerged, and the cell bodies of all but two of these neurons were located ipsilateral to their swimmeret. Counts of cell bodies filled from selected peripheral branches revealed about 35 power-stroke motor neurons and 35 return-stroke motor neurons. The cell bodies of these two types were segregated into different clusters within the ganglion, but both types sent their neurites into the ipsilateral LN and had their principle branches in this neuropil. We saw no significant differences in the numbers or distributions of these motor neurons in ganglia A2 through A5. These anatomical features are consistent with the physiological evidence that each swimmeret is controlled by its own neural module, which drives the alternating bursts of impulses in power-stroke and return-stroke motor neurons. We propose that the LN is the site of the synaptic circuit that generates this pattern.},
keywords = {Abdomen/*innervation
Animals
Astacoidea/*physiology
Axons/physiology
Cell Count
Cobalt
Extremities/*innervation
Ganglia, Invertebrate/cytology/*physiology
Lysine/analogs & derivatives
Motor Neurons/cytology/*physiology
Neuropil/physiology
Synaptic Transmission/physiology},
ISSN = {0021-9967 (Print)
0021-9967 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(20000403)419:2<233::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-Y},
year = {2000},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Mulloney, B. and Smarandache-Wellmann, C.},
title = {Neurobiology of the crustacean swimmeret system},
journal = {Prog Neurobiol},
volume = {96},
number = {2},
pages = {242-67},
note = {Mulloney, Brian
Smarandache-Wellmann, Carmen
eng
NS04-8068/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
R01 NS048068-05/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
R01 NS048068-05S1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Review
England
2012/01/25 06:00
Prog Neurobiol. 2012 Feb;96(2):242-67. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.002. Epub 2012 Jan 14.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22270044},
abstract = {The crustacean swimmeret system includes a distributed set of local circuits that individually control movements of one jointed limb. These modular local circuits occur in pairs in each segmental ganglion, and normally operate synchronously to produce smoothly coordinated cycles of limb movements on different body segments. The system presents exceptional opportunities for computational and experimental investigation of neural mechanisms of coordination because: (a) The system will express in vitro the periodic motor pattern that normally drives cycles of swimmeret movements during forward swimming. (b) The intersegmental neurons which encode information that is necessary and sufficient for normal coordination have been identified, and their activity can be recorded. (c) The local commissural neurons that integrate this coordinating information and tune the phase of each swimmeret are known. (d) The complete set of synaptic connections between coordinating neurons and these commissural neurons have been described. (e). The synaptic connections onto each local pattern-generating circuit through which coordinating information tunes the circuit's phase have been discovered. These factors make possible for the first time a detailed, comprehensive cellular and synaptic explanation of how this neural circuit produces an effective, behaviorally significant output. This paper is the first comprehensive review of the system's neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, its local and intersegmental circuitry, its transmitter pharmacology, its neuromodulatory control mechanisms, and its interactions with other motor systems. Each of these topics is covered in detail in an attempt to provide a complete review of the literature as a foundation for new research. The series of hypotheses that have been proposed to account for the system's properties are reviewed critically in the context of experimental tests of their validity.},
keywords = {Action Potentials/physiology
Animals
Crustacea/*anatomy & histology/*physiology
Extremities/innervation/physiology
Ganglia, Invertebrate/physiology
Movement/*physiology
Nerve Net/anatomy & histology/physiology
Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology/physiology
Neurons/physiology
Neuropeptides/metabolism
Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
Periodicity
Swimming/*physiology},
ISSN = {1873-5118 (Electronic)
0301-0082 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.002},
year = {2012},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Murphy, A. D.},
title = {The neuronal basis of feeding in the snail, Helisoma, with comparisons to selected gastropods},
journal = {Prog Neurobiol},
volume = {63},
number = {4},
pages = {383-408},
note = {Murphy, A D
eng
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Review
England
2001/02/13 11:00
Prog Neurobiol. 2001 Mar;63(4):383-408.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11163684},
abstract = {Research on identified neurons during the last quarter century was forecast at a conference in 1973 that discussed "neuronal mechanisms of coordination in simple systems." The focus of the conference was on the neuronal control of simple stereotyped behavioral acts. Participants discussing the future of such research called for a comparative approach; emphasis on structure-function interactions; attention to environmental and behavioral context; and the development of new techniques. Significantly, in some cases amazing progress has been made in these areas. Major conclusions of the last quarter century are that so-called simple behaviors and the neural circuitry underlying them tend to be less simple, more flexible, and more highly modulated than originally imagined. However, the comparative approach has, as yet, failed to reach its potential. Molluscan preparations, along with arthropods and annelids, have always been at the forefront of neuroethological studies. Circuitry underlying feeding has been studied in a handful of species of gastropod molluscs. These studies have contributed substantially to our understanding of sensorimotor organization, the hierarchical control of behavior and coordination of multiple behaviors, and the organization and modulation of central pattern generators. However, direct interspecific comparisons of feeding circuitry and potentially homologous neurons have been lacking. This is unfortunate because much of the vast radiation of the class Gastropoda is associated with variations in feeding behaviors and feeding apparatuses, providing ample substrates for comparative studies including the evolution of defined circuitry. Here, the neural organization of feeding in the snail, Helisoma, is examined critically. Possible direct interspecific comparisons of neural circuitry and potentially homologous neurons are made. A universal model for central pattern generators underlying rasping feeding is proposed. Future comparative studies can be expected to combine behavioral, morphological, electrophysiological, molecular and genetic techniques to identify neurons and define neural circuitry. Digital resources will undoubtedly be exploited to organize and interface databases allowing illumination of the evolution of homologous identified neurons and defined neural circuitry in the context of behavioral change.},
keywords = {Action Potentials/physiology
Animals
Central Nervous System/*cytology/physiology
Feeding Behavior/*physiology
Ganglia, Invertebrate/cytology/physiology
Interneurons/*cytology/physiology
Motor Neurons/*cytology/physiology
Nerve Net/cytology/physiology
Snails/*cytology/physiology},
ISSN = {0301-0082 (Print)
0301-0082 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/S0301-0082(00)00049-6},
year = {2001},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Murphy, B. F. and Larimer, J. L.},
title = {The effect of various neurotransmitters and some of their agonists and antagonists on the crayfish abdominal positioning system},
journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C, Comparative pharmacology and toxicology},
volume = {100},
number = {3},
pages = {687-98},
note = {Murphy, B F
Larimer, J L
NS05423/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
NS07281/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
ENGLAND
Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1991;100(3):687-98.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1687570},
abstract = {1. Crayfish abdominal nerve cords were perfused with selected transmitters or their agonists or antagonists. Motor activity underlying abdominal positioning behavior was monitored. 2. All the neurotransmitters except glycine had a measurable effect on this system. 3. Acetylcholine and its agonists were slightly stimulatory. Both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors were indicated. 4. GABA was weakly inhibitory. Picrotoxin was strongly stimulatory, perhaps as a result of its known ability to block GABA and inhibitory acetylcholine receptors. 5. Histamine was strongly inhibitory. Both H1 and H2 receptors were indicated. 6. Glutamate was found to be slightly inhibitory while its agonist, NMDA, showed no effect. 7. Finally, L-Dopa was stimulatory, but only at a high concentration.},
keywords = {Abdomen/*innervation
Animals
Astacoidea/*physiology
Female
Immunohistochemistry
Interneurons/physiology
Male
Motor Neurons/drug effects
Neurotransmitter Agents/*physiology
Receptors, Muscarinic/*drug effects
Receptors, Nicotinic/*drug effects},
ISSN = {0742-8413 (Print)
0742-8413 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/0742-8413(91)90062-X},
year = {1991},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Murray, R.W.},
title = {Test Your Understanding of Neurophysiology},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge},
pages = {51-58},
year = {1983},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Nicholls, John G and Martin, A Robert and Fuchs, Paul A and Brown, P.A. and Diamond, M.E. and Weisblat, D.A.},
title = {From Neuron to Brain},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
chapter = {16},
ISBN = {9780878936090},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=eTLzXwAACAAJ},
year = {2012},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Nistri, A. and Fisher, N. D. and Gurnell, M.},
title = {Block by the neuropeptide TRH of an apparently novel K+ conductance of rat motoneurones},
journal = {Neuroscience letters},
volume = {120},
number = {1},
pages = {25-30},
note = {Nistri, A
Fisher, N D
Gurnell, M
NETHERLANDS
Neurosci Lett. 1990 Nov 27;120(1):25-30.},
abstract = {Using a single electrode voltage clamp technique the actions of rapidly superfused thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, 1 microM) on lumbar motoneurones of the isolated neonatal rat spinal cord were investigated. TRH induced a slowly developing inward current (associated with an input conductance fall) with slow recovery on washout. In the presence of TRH the normally linear current-voltage relations displayed strong inward rectification up to about -40 mV. The TRH-induced current peaked at -50 mV, reversed at -120 mV and was not blocked by Cs+, tetraethylammonium, 4-aminopyridine, Cd2+, or low Na+. Its reversal potential was sensitive to changes in extracellular K+. Ba2+ (0.2-1.5 mM) depressed the effects of TRH. It is suggested that in rat motoneurones TRH blocked an apparently novel K+ conductance (IK(T)) active at resting membrane potential.},
keywords = {4-Aminopyridine/pharmacology
Animals
Animals, Newborn
Female
Male
Motor Neurons/drug effects/*physiology
Potassium Channels/drug effects/*physiology
Rats
Spinal Cord/*physiology
Tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone/*pharmacology},
ISSN = {0304-3940 (Print)
0304-3940 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2127304},
year = {1990},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Ogden, D.},
title = {Microelectrode Techniques. The Plymouth Workshop Handbook},
publisher = {Company of Biologists},
address = {Cambridge},
chapter = {1, 16},
year = {1994},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Okihara, K and Ohkawa, T and Kasai, M},
title = {Effects of calmodulin on Ca2+-dependent Cl−-sensitive anion channels in the Chara plasmalemma: A patch-clamp study},
journal = {Plant and Cell Physiology},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {75-82},
abstract = {The effects of calmodulin (from spinach) on the Ca2+-dependent Cl--sensitive anion channel in the Chara plasmalemma (Okihara et al. 1991) were studied by the inside-out patch-clamp technique. The current of Cl- ions, which flowed through the channel at 1.0 μM Ca2+, tended to decrease irregularly with time. This tendency toward a decrease in the current was no longer apparent after application of calmodulin for some time. The activity of the channel was restored to a small extent or tended to increase during the early stages of application of calmodulin. Such a transient action of calmodulin on the channel activity was evident, at voltages more negative than –100 mV.},
url = {http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/34/1/75.abstract},
year = {1993},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Ozawa, S. and Tsuda, K.},
title = {Membrane permeability change during inhibitory transmitter action in crayfish stretch receptor cell},
journal = {Journal of neurophysiology},
volume = {36},
number = {5},
pages = {805-16},
note = {Ozawa, S
Tsuda, K
J Neurophysiol. 1973 Sep;36(5):805-16.
http://jn.physiology.org/content/36/5/805.long},
keywords = {Aminobutyrates/*pharmacology
Animals
Astacoidea/*physiology
*Cell Membrane Permeability
Chlorides/metabolism
Electric Conductivity
Kinetics
Mechanoreceptors/*physiology
*Membrane Potentials/drug effects
*Neural Inhibition
Potassium/metabolism
*Synaptic Transmission
Time Factors
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*pharmacology},
ISSN = {0022-3077 (Print)
0022-3077 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4156055},
year = {1973},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Pasztor, V.M.},
title = {Modulation of sensitivity in invertebrate sensory receptors},
journal = {Seminars in the Neurosciences},
volume = {1},
pages = {5-14},
note = {I can find no online links to this},
year = {1989},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Pasztor, V. M. and Macmillan, D. L.},
title = {The actions of proctolin, octopamine, and serotonin on crustacean proprioceptors show species and neuron specificity},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
volume = {152},
pages = {485-504},
note = {Dy715
Times Cited:51
Cited References Count:27},
ISSN = {0022-0949},
url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/152/1/485},
year = {1990},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Patullo, B. W. and Faulkes, Z. and Macmillan, D. L.},
title = {Muscle receptor organs do not mediate load compensation during body roll and defense response extensions in the crayfish Cherax destructor},
journal = {The Journal of experimental zoology},
volume = {290},
number = {7},
pages = {783-90},
note = {Patullo, B W
Faulkes, Z
Macmillan, D L
J Exp Zool. 2001 Dec 1;290(7):783-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11748627
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.1129/abstract},
abstract = {It has been proposed that the abdominal muscle receptor organ (MRO) of decapod crustaceans acts in a sensory feedback loop to compensate for external load. There is not yet unequivocal evidence of MRO activity during slow abdominal extension in intact animals, however. This raises the possibility that MRO involvement in load compensation is context-dependent. We recorded from MRO tonic stretch receptors (SRs) in freely behaving crayfish (Cherax destructor) during abdominal extension occurring during two different behaviors: body roll and the defense response. Abdominal extensions are similar in many respects in both behaviors, although defense response extensions are more rapid. In both situations, SR activity typically ceased when the abdominal extension commenced, even if the joint of the SR being monitored was mechanically prevented from extending by a block. Since extensor motor neuron activity increased when the abdomen was prevented from extending, we concluded that the load compensation occurring in these behaviors was not mediated by the MROs.},
keywords = {Abdomen
Animals
Astacoidea/*physiology
Biomechanics
Female
Male
Motor Neurons/*physiology
*Movement
Muscle Spindles/*physiology
Muscles/*physiology
Posture},
ISSN = {0022-104X (Print)
0022-104X (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1080/10.1002/jez.1129},
year = {2001},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Paupardin-Tritsch, D. and Colombaioni, L. and Deterre, P. and Gerschenfeld, H. M.},
title = {Two different mechanisms of calcium spike modulation by dopamine},
journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
volume = {5},
number = {9},
pages = {2522-32},
note = {Paupardin-Tritsch, D
Colombaioni, L
Deterre, P
Gerschenfeld, H M
J Neurosci. 1985 Sep;5(9):2522-32.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4032010
},
abstract = {Dopamine (10 to 50 microM) modulates in two different ways the duration of the Ca2+-dependent action potential recorded in the cell body of identified neurons of the snail Helix aspersa. In some neurons (cells E13 and F1) dopamine increases the amplitude of their Ca2+-dependent spike plateau by decreasing the S-current (Klein, M., J.S. Camardo, and E. R. Kandel (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79: 5713-5717), a K+ current controlled by cyclic AMP. In another neuron (cell D2), dopamine decreases the Ca2+-dependent plateau of the somatic action potential by evoking a decrease in Ca2+-current resulting from a decrease in Ca2+ conductance. Both modulatory effects could be observed in the same single neuron in which dopamine induces decreases of both the Ca2+ conductance and cyclic AMP-dependent K+ conductance. Nevertheless, in these cells (such as cell F5) dopamine only evokes a decrease of the amplitude of the Ca2+ spike plateau. Since the modulation of the duration of the Ca2+ action potential recorded in the neuronal soma has been shown to constitute a good model of events taking place at synaptic endings, it is suggested that these modulatory mechanisms evoked by dopamine may be involved in processes of presynaptic facilitation and inhibition.},
keywords = {Action Potentials/*drug effects
Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism
Animals
Biomechanics
Calcium/*physiology
Dopamine/*pharmacology
Electric Conductivity
Helix (Snails)
Neurons/drug effects/enzymology/physiology},
ISSN = {0270-6474 (Print)
0270-6474 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/content/5/9/2522.full.pdf},
year = {1985},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Purali, N.},
title = {Structure and function relationship in the abdominal stretch receptor organs of the crayfish},
journal = {The Journal of Comparative Neurology},
volume = {488},
number = {4},
pages = {369-83},
note = {Purali, Nuhan
J Comp Neurol. 2005 Aug 8;488(4):369-83.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15973677
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.20590/abstract},
abstract = {The structure/function relationship in the rapidly and slowly adapting stretch receptor organs of the crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) was investigated using confocal microscopy and neuronal modeling methods. Both receptor muscles were single muscle fibers with structural properties closely related to the function of the receptors. Dendrites of the rapidly adapting neuron terminated in a common pile of nerve endings going in all directions. Dendrites of the slowly adapting neuron terminated in a characteristic T shape in multiple regions of the receptor muscle. The slowly adapting main dendrite, which was on average 2.1 times longer and 21% thinner than the rapidly adapting main dendrite, induced larger voltage attenuation. The somal surface area of the slowly adapting neuron was on average 51% larger than that of the rapidly adapting neuron. Variation in the neuronal geometry was greatest among the slowly adapting neurons. A computational model of a neuron pair demonstrated that the rapidly and the slowly adapting neurons attenuated the dendritic receptor potential like low-pass filters with cut-off frequencies at 100 and 20 Hz, respectively. Recurrent dendrites were observed mostly in the slowly adapting neurons. Voltage signals were calculated to be propagated 23% faster in the rapidly adapting axon, which is 51% thicker than the slowly adapting axon. The present findings support the idea that the morphology of the rapidly and the slowly adapting neurons evolved to optimally sense the dynamic and the static features of the mechanical stimulus, respectively.},
keywords = {Abdomen/innervation
Action Potentials/physiology
Adaptation, Physiological
Animals
Astacoidea/*anatomy & histology/*physiology
Biomechanics
Mechanoreceptors/*cytology/*physiology
Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology/physiology
Neuromuscular Junction/*anatomy & histology/physiology
Physical Stimulation},
ISSN = {0021-9967 (Print)
0021-9967 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1002/cne.20590},
year = {2005},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Purves, D. and Augustine, G.J. and Fitzpatrick, D. and Hall, W.C. and LaMantia, A.-S. and McNamara, J.O. and White, L.E.},
title = {Neuroscience},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
chapter = {3},
ISBN = {9780878936953},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ},
year = {2012},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Purves, D. and Augustine, G.J. and Fitzpatrick, D. and Hall, W.C. and LaMantia, A.-S. and McNamara, J.O. and White, L.E.},
title = {Neuroscience},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
chapter = {1},
ISBN = {9780878936953},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ},
year = {2012},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Purves, D. and Augustine, G.J. and Fitzpatrick, D. and Hall, W.C. and LaMantia, A.-S. and McNamara, J.O. and White, L.E.},
title = {Neuroscience},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
chapter = {2},
ISBN = {9780878936953},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ},
year = {2012},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Purves, D. and Augustine, G.J. and Fitzpatrick, D. and Hall, W.C. and LaMantia, A.-S. and McNamara, J.O. and White, L.E.},
title = {Neuroscience},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
chapter = {5},
ISBN = {9780878936953},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ},
year = {2012},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Purves, D. and Augustine, G.J. and Fitzpatrick, D. and Hall, W.C. and LaMantia, A.-S. and McNamara, J.O. and White, L.E.},
title = {Neuroscience},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
chapter = {6},
ISBN = {9780878936953},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ},
year = {2012},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Purves, D. and Augustine, G.J. and Fitzpatrick, D. and Hall, W.C. and LaMantia, A.-S. and McNamara, J.O. and White, L.E.},
title = {Neuroscience},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
chapter = {8},
ISBN = {9780878936953},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ},
year = {2012},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Purves, D. and Augustine, G.J. and Fitzpatrick, D. and Hall, W.C. and LaMantia, A.-S. and McNamara, J.O. and White, L.E.},
title = {Neuroscience},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
chapter = {9, 16},
ISBN = {9780878936953},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ},
year = {2012},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Purves, D. and Augustine, G.J. and Fitzpatrick, D. and Hall, W.C. and LaMantia, A.-S. and McNamara, J.O. and White, L.E.},
title = {Neuroscience},
publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
address = {Sunderland MA},
pages = {290-291},
ISBN = {9780878936953},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=B5YXRAAACAAJ},
year = {2012},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Purves, R.D.},
title = {Microelectrode Methods for Intracellular Recording and Ionophoresis},
publisher = {Academic Press},
address = {New York},
pages = {51-53},
ISBN = {9780125679503},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=mWHwAAAAMAAJ},
year = {1981},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Purves, R.D.},
title = {Microelectrode Methods for Intracellular Recording and Ionophoresis},
publisher = {Academic Press},
address = {New York},
pages = {50-51},
ISBN = {9780125679503},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=mWHwAAAAMAAJ},
year = {1981},
type = {Book Section}
}
@book{
author = {Purves, R.D.},
title = {Microelectrode Methods for Intracellular Recording and Ionophoresis},
publisher = {Academic Press},
address = {New York},
ISBN = {9780125679503},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=mWHwAAAAMAAJ},
year = {1981},
type = {Book}
}
@article{
author = {Quicke, D. L. J. and Brace, R. C.},
title = {Differential staining of cobalt- and nickel-filled neurones using rubeanic acid},
journal = {Journal of Microscopy},
volume = {115},
number = {2},
pages = {161-163},
note = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1979.tb00165.x
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/jms/1979/00000115/00000002/art00005?token=00531df4f1354d0f4399b41333c4a2f7a7a6a38384746737a55676f4f6d6222346b6268763050218aa4},
abstract = {A staining procedure is described which differentiates with distinct colours, cobalt and nickel ions introduced into neurones. Densely coloured precipitates are produced with these ions when rubeanic acid, a spot-test reagent, is added. Formation of the coloured complexes takes place within a few minutes, and may be followed under the dissecting microscope. This technique permits observation of the relative positions, within ganglia, of somata related to two emergent nerves following multiple axonal-backfilling. It also appears to be of value in tracing neurone branching after the intracellular injection of ions.},
ISSN = {1365-2818},
DOI = {10.1111/j.1365-2818.1979.tb00165.x},
year = {1979},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Quinlan, E. M. and Arnett, B. C. and Murphy, A. D.},
title = {Feeding stimulants activate an identified dopaminergic interneuron that induces the feeding motor program in Helisoma},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
volume = {78},
number = {2},
pages = {812-24},
note = {Quinlan, E M
Arnett, B C
Murphy, A D
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
1997/08/01 00:00
J Neurophysiol. 1997 Aug;78(2):812-24.},
abstract = {The neurotransmitter dopamine is shown to play a fundamental role in the generation of the feeding motor pattern and resultant feeding behavior in Helisoma. Application of exogenous dopamine triggered the fictive feeding motor pattern in the isolated CNS and triggered feeding movements in semi-intact preparations. Application of feeding stimulants to the oral cavity excited the putatively dopaminergic buccal interneuron N1a, and depolarization of interneuron N1a triggered the production of the fictive feeding motor pattern. The ability of dopamine superfusion and of interneuron N1a stimulation to activate the fictive feeding motor pattern was blocked by the dopamine antagonist sulpiride. The phase of the fictive feeding motor pattern was reset by brief hyperpolarization of interneuron N1a, demonstrating that interneuron N1a is an integral component of the buccal central pattern generator (CPG). During spontaneous fictive feeding patterns, prolonged hyperpolarizations of interneuron N1a inhibited the production of patterned activity. Exogenous dopamine maintained the fictive feeding motor pattern in the absence of interneuron N1a activity. Interneuron N1a was labeled by the formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde histochemical technique, which is indicative of the presence of dopamine in mollusks. These data suggest that interneuron N1a is an endogenous source of the neuromodulator dopamine, intrinsic to the buccal CPG, and that interneuron N1a has a prominent role in the sensory-motor integration triggering the consummatory response.},
keywords = {Animals
Central Nervous System/drug effects
Cheek
Dopamine/*pharmacology
Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
Feeding Behavior/*drug effects
Interneurons/*drug effects
Microscopy, Video
Motor Neurons/*drug effects
Psychomotor Performance/*drug effects
Snails/*drug effects
Stimulation, Chemical
Sulpiride/pharmacology},
ISSN = {0022-3077 (Print)
0022-3077 (Linking)},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9307115},
year = {1997},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Richter, D. W. and Smith, J. C.},
title = {Respiratory rhythm generation in vivo},
journal = {Physiology},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
pages = {58-71},
note = {Richter, Diethelm W
Smith, Jeffrey C
eng
R01 NS069220/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Bethesda, Md.
2014/01/03 06:00
Physiology (Bethesda). 2014 Jan;29(1):58-71. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00035.2013.},
abstract = {The cellular and circuit mechanisms generating the rhythm of breathing in mammals have been under intense investigation for decades. Here, we try to integrate the key discoveries into an updated description of the basic neural processes generating respiratory rhythm under in vivo conditions.},
ISSN = {1548-9221 (Electronic)
1548-9221 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1152/physiol.00035.2013},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24382872},
year = {2014},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Rudy, B.},
title = {Diversity and ubiquity of K channels},
journal = {Neuroscience},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
pages = {729-49},
note = {Rudy, B
GM26976/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/
ENGLAND
Neuroscience. 1988 Jun;25(3):729-49.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2457185},
keywords = {Action Potentials
Animals
Calcium/physiology
Ion Channels/classification/metabolism/*physiology
Membrane Potentials
Neurons/metabolism/*physiology
Potassium/pharmacokinetics/*physiology},
ISSN = {0306-4522 (Print)
0306-4522 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/0306-4522(88)90033-4},
year = {1988},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Rydqvist, B.},
title = {Muscle mechanoreceptors in invertebrates},
booktitle = {Comparative Aspects of Mechanoreceptor Systems},
editor = {Ito, Fumio},
series = {Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin},
volume = {10},
pages = {233-260},
ISBN = {978-3-642-76692-3},
DOI = {10.1007/978-3-642-76690-9_11},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76690-9_11},
year = {1992},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Rydqvist, B. and Lin, J. H. and Sand, P. and Swerup, C.},
title = {Mechanotransduction and the crayfish stretch receptor},
journal = {Physiology and Behavior},
volume = {92},
number = {1-2},
pages = {21-8},
note = {Rydqvist, Bo
Lin, Jia-Hui
Sand, Peter
Swerup, Christer
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
2007/07/07 09:00
Physiol Behav. 2007 Sep 10;92(1-2):21-8. Epub 2007 May 25.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612581},
abstract = {Mechanotransduction or mechanosensitivity is found in almost every cell in all organisms from bacteria to vertebrates. Mechanosensitivity covers a wide spectrum of functions from osmosensing, cell attachment, classical sensory mechanisms like tactile senses in the skin, detection of sound in hair cells of the hearing apparatus, proprioceptive functions like recording of muscle length and tension in the muscle spindle and tendon organ, respectively, and pressure detection in the circulation etc. Since most development regarding the molecular aspects of the mechanosensitive channel has been made in nonsensory systems it is important to focus on mechanosensitivity of sensory organs where the functional importance is undisputed. The stretch receptor organ of the crustaceans is a suitable preparation for such studies. The receptor organ is experimentally accessible to mechanical manipulation and electrophysiological recordings from the sensory neuron using intracellular microelectrode or patch clamp techniques. It is also relatively easy to inject substances into the neuron, which also makes the neuron accessible to measurements with fluorescent techniques. The aim of the present paper is to give an up to date summary of observations made on the transducer properties of the crayfish stretch receptor (Astacus astacus and Pacifastacus leniusculus) including some recent unpublished findings. Finally some aspects on future line of research will be presented.},
keywords = {Action Potentials/physiology
Adaptation, Physiological
Animals
Astacoidea/*cytology/physiology
Elasticity
Ion Channel Gating/physiology
Ion Channels/physiology
Mechanoreceptors/cytology/*physiology
Mechanotransduction, Cellular/*physiology},
ISSN = {0031-9384 (Print)
0031-9384 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.055},
year = {2007},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Sacks, Oliver},
title = {The man who mistook his wife for a hat: And other clinical tales},
publisher = {Simon and Schuster},
address = {New York},
chapter = {3},
ISBN = {0684853949},
year = {1998},
type = {Book Section}
}
@book{
author = {Selverston, A.I.},
title = {Model neural networks and behavior},
publisher = {Plenum Press},
address = {New York},
ISBN = {9780306419492},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=4uJqAAAAMAAJ},
year = {1985},
type = {Book}
}
@book{
author = {Sherman-Gold, R},
title = {The Axon Guide: Electrophysiology and Biophysics Laboratory Techniques, 3rd Edition},
publisher = {Molecular Devices Corporation},
address = {Union City CA},
url = {http://mdc.custhelp.com/euf/assets/content/Axon%20Guide%203rd%20edition.pdf},
year = {2012},
type = {Book}
}
@article{
author = {Shimmen, T.},
title = {Involvement of receptor potentials and action potentials in mechano-perception in plants},
journal = {Australian Journal of Plant Physiology},
volume = {28},
number = {7},
pages = {567-576},
note = {456MP
Times Cited:20
Cited References Count:60
://000170086500005
http:///full_record.do?product=WOS&qid=4&UT=000170086500005
http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/PP01038.htm},
abstract = {The rapid turgor movements of Mimosa pudica and some carnivorous plants have long stimulated the interest of botanists. In addition, it is becoming evident that slower responses of plants to mechanical stimuli, such as coiling of tendrils and thigmomorphogenesis, are common phenomena. Electrophysiological studies on mechano-perception have been carried out in M. pudica and carnivorous plants, and have established that the response to mechanical stimulation is composed of three steps: perception of the stimulus, transmission of the signal, and induction of movement in motor cells. The first step is due to the receptor potential, the second and third steps are mediated by the action potential. In this article, the mechanisms of responses to mechanical stimuli of these plants are considered. Since higher plants are composed of complex tissues, detailed analysis of electrical phenomena is rather difficult, and so the mechanism for generating the receptor potential had not yet been studied. Characean cells have proved to be more amenable to the study of the electrophysiology of plant membranes because of their large cell size and the ease by which single cells can be isolated. Recent progress in studies of the receptor potential in characean cells is also discussed.},
keywords = {action potential
aldrovanda
chara
mechano-perception
mimosa
receptor potential
mimosa-pudica
main pulvinus
aldrovanda-vesiculosa
trap-lobes
membrane-potentials
nitellopsis-obtusa
cytosolic calcium
excitable cells
characean cells
ion efflux},
ISSN = {0310-7841},
DOI = {10.1071/PP01038},
year = {2001},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Shimmen, T. and Mimura, T. and Kikuyama, M. and Tazawa, M.},
title = {Characean cells as a tool for studying electrophysiological characteristics of plant cells},
journal = {Cell structure and function},
volume = {19},
number = {5},
pages = {263-78},
note = {Shimmen, T
Mimura, T
Kikuyama, M
Tazawa, M
eng
Review
JAPAN
1994/10/01
Cell Struct Funct. 1994 Oct;19(5):263-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7850889},
abstract = {Characean cells have contributed significantly to various areas of plant cell biology such as cell motility and membrane transport. Since characean cells are very large, various kinds of operations can easily be applied to them. Development of techniques of intracellular perfusion and permeabilization of plasma membrane has facilitated studies on functions of the plasma membrane and the vacuolar membrane (or tonoplast) which is specific to plant cells. The present article is aimed at reviewing the contribution of characean cells to the study of electrophysiological characteristics of plant membranes. Our attention was mainly focused on experiments using plasma membrane-permeabilized cells and intracellularly perfused cells.},
keywords = {Action Potentials/physiology
Biological Transport
Cell Membrane/physiology
Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology
Chlorophyta/*cytology/*physiology
Electrophysiology
Ion Transport/physiology
Membrane Potentials},
ISSN = {0386-7196 (Print)
0386-7196 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1247/csf.19.263},
year = {1994},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Siegelbaum, S.A. and Koester, J.},
title = {Review of basic circuit theory},
booktitle = {Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition},
editor = {Kandel, E.R. and Schwartz, J.H. and Jessell, T.M. and Siegelbaum, S.A. and Hudspeth, A.J.},
publisher = {McGraw Hill},
address = {Newark},
edition = {5},
pages = {1525-1532},
ISBN = {9780071390118},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=s64z-LdAIsEC},
year = {2013},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Silverthorn, D.U.},
title = {Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach},
publisher = {Pearson},
address = {Boston},
chapter = {8, 13},
year = {2013},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Silverthorn, D.U.},
title = {Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach},
publisher = {Pearson},
address = {Boston},
chapter = {8},
year = {2013},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Silverthorn, D.U.},
title = {Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach},
publisher = {Pearson},
address = {Boston},
chapter = {20},
year = {2013},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Silverthorn, D.U.},
title = {Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach},
publisher = {Pearson},
address = {Boston},
chapter = {10, 13},
year = {2013},
type = {Book Section}
}
@inbook{
author = {Silverthorn, D.U.},
title = {Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach},
publisher = {Pearson},
address = {Boston},
chapter = {10},
year = {2013},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Simms, B. A. and Zamponi, G. W.},
title = {Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels: structure, function, and dysfunction},
journal = {Neuron},
volume = {82},
number = {1},
pages = {24-45},
note = {Simms, Brett A
Zamponi, Gerald W
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
2014/04/05 06:00
Neuron. 2014 Apr 2;82(1):24-45. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.03.016.},
abstract = {Voltage-gated calcium channels are the primary mediators of depolarization-induced calcium entry into neurons. There is great diversity of calcium channel subtypes due to multiple genes that encode calcium channel alpha1 subunits, coassembly with a variety of ancillary calcium channel subunits, and alternative splicing. This allows these channels to fulfill highly specialized roles in specific neuronal subtypes and at particular subcellular loci. While calcium channels are of critical importance to brain function, their inappropriate expression or dysfunction gives rise to a variety of neurological disorders, including, pain, epilepsy, migraine, and ataxia. This Review discusses salient aspects of voltage-gated calcium channel function, physiology, and pathophysiology.},
keywords = {Animals
*Brain Diseases/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology
Calcium Channels/chemistry/classification/genetics/*metabolism
Humans
Neurons/*physiology},
ISSN = {1097-4199 (Electronic)
0896-6273 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/j.neuron.2014.03.016},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24698266},
year = {2014},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@book{
author = {Stein, P.S.G. and Grillner, S. and Selverston, A.I. and Stuart, D.G.},
title = {Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior},
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge MA},
year = {1997},
type = {Book}
}
@book{
author = {Stewart, A},
title = {Wicked Plants: The Weed that Killed Lincoln’s Mother and Other Botanical Atrocities},
publisher = {Algonquin Books},
address = {Chapel Hill NC},
year = {2009},
type = {Book}
}
@article{
author = {Thiel, G. and Homann, U. and Plieth, C.},
title = {Ion channel activity during the action potential in Chara: New insights with new techniques},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany},
volume = {48},
pages = {609-622},
note = {Sp. Iss. SI
Xb825
Times Cited:39
Cited References Count:74
://A1997XB82500023
http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/Special_Issue/609.full.pdf},
abstract = {The dynamics of macroscopic currents underlying the electrically triggered action potential (AP) in the giant alga Chara corallina were directly recorded with an action potential clamp method. In this technique an AP is recorded and repetitively replayed as the command voltage to the same cell under voltage control. Upon adding the channel blockers niflumic acid and/or Ba2+ to the bath, the excitation current, i.e. the current crossing the membrane during an AP, can be dissected into a transient, fast-appearing Cl- inward current and a transient delayed K+ outward current. The delayed onset of the K+ outward current demands the postulation of an additional outward current in order to balance the excess Cl- inward current at the onset of the AP. The capacitive current that alters the charge on the membrane during excitation is several orders of magnitude too small to be relevant for charge balance.
Measurements of single channel activity in the plasma membrane of C. corallina by the patch clamp method shows two types of Cl- channel (15 and 38 pS with 100 mM Cl- in the pipette) and one type of K+ channel (about 40 pS with 100 mM K+ in the pipette) which become transiently active during an AP. Typically, variable numbers of Cl- channels activate in a random fashion for short periods of time when favoured by positive voltages in combination with high concentrations of extracellular Ca2+ (Ca-o(2+)) or during an AP of the whole cell. The peak values of these Cl- channel currents measured in a patch are such that they can account quantitatively for the peak of the whole cell Cl- excitation current studied under comparable ionic conditions. Furthermore, the short duration of channel activity, as well as the fast rising and somewhat slower trailing kinetics is similar in duration and dynamics to AP-associated changes in membrane permeability of the whole Chara cell to Cl- (PCl-). Taken together, the data stress that the characteristic, transient activation of random numbers of Cl- channels seen in membrane patches is the elementary unit of the Cl- excitation current. However, due to the random nature of this transient activity, gating of Cl- channels can not be explained on the basis of previous models for excitation: gating can neither be due to intrinsic voltage sensitivity of the Cl- channels, nor to a voltage-dependent influx of Ca2+ and subsequent activation of Ca2+-sensitive Cl- channels. to account for the short life-time and for the randomness of Cl- channel activity, the putative gating factors Ca2+ and voltage must be uncoupled in time. This could be explained by a random release of Ca2+ from stores, the latter being filled in a voltage-sensitive manner via non-specific cation channels from the outside. A 4 pS non-selective cation channel in the plasma membrane may serve this purpose.
The 40 pS K+ channel, which becomes transiently active in C. corallina during a cell AP, is an outward rectifier. At negative resting voltages the channel has a low open probability (< < 1%). At voltages reached during an AP the open probability rises significantly reaching half-maximal open probability at -25 mV. The elevated activity of the 40 pS channel associated with membrane excitation relaxes at the end of an AP with a time constant of about 2.5 s. A comparable time constant of 2 s can be obtained for the decay of the transiently elevated permeability of the membrane to K+ (PK+), stressing that the kinetic properties of the 40 pS K+ channel are responsible for the course of whole cell PK+ changes. Voltage sensitivity of the K+ channels suggests that they are activated during an AP by the drop in membrane voltage in order to aid repolarization. However, the rise and decay of PK+ during an AP also shares similarity with the timecourse of transient changes in cytoplasmic concentration of free Ca2+, [Ca2+](cyt), the latter being measured in parallel experiments with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, Fura-P, in excited C. corallina cells. This similarity could suggest that gating of the 40 pS K+ channel is also sensitive to [Ca2+](cyt) and that the latter sensitivity is rate-limiting for activity during an AP.},
keywords = {chara
action potential (clamp)
membrane excitation
cl- channel
k+ channel
ca2+
tonoplast-free cells
nitellopsis-obtusa
plasma-membrane
electrogenic pump
potassium currents
chloride channels
internodal cells
patch-clamp
k+-channel
cl efflux},
ISSN = {0022-0957},
DOI = {10.1093/Jxb/48.Special_Issue.609},
year = {1997},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Toledo-Rodriguez, M. and El Manira, A. and Wallen, P. and Svirskis, G. and Hounsgaard, J.},
title = {Cellular signalling properties in microcircuits},
journal = {Trends Neurosci},
volume = {28},
number = {10},
pages = {534-40},
note = {Toledo-Rodriguez, Maria
El Manira, Abdeljabbar
Wallen, Peter
Svirskis, Gytis
Hounsgaard, Jorn
eng
Review
England
2005/08/23 09:00
Trends Neurosci. 2005 Oct;28(10):534-40.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16112756},
abstract = {Molecules and cells are the signalling elements in microcircuits. Recent studies have uncovered bewildering diversity in postsynaptic signalling properties in all areas of the vertebrate nervous system. Major effort is now being invested in establishing the specialized signalling properties at the cellular and molecular levels in microcircuits in specific brain regions. This review is part of the TINS Microcircuits Special Feature.},
keywords = {Animals
Ion Channel Gating/physiology
Ion Channels/classification/physiology
Nerve Net/*physiology
Neural Networks (Computer)
Signal Transduction/*physiology
Synaptic Transmission/*physiology},
ISSN = {0166-2236 (Print)
0166-2236 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/j.tins.2005.08.001},
year = {2005},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Vélez, S. J. and Wyman, R. J.},
title = {Synaptic connectivity in a crayfish neuromuscular system: 1. Gradient of innervation and synaptic strength},
journal = {Journal of neurophysiology},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {75-84},
note = {Ej077
Times Cited:31
Cited References Count:29},
ISSN = {0022-3077},
url = {http://jn.physiology.org/content/41/1/75.long},
year = {1978},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Vélez, S. J. and Wyman, R. J.},
title = {Synaptic connectivity in a crayfish neuromuscular system: 2. Nerve-muscle matching and nerve branching patterns},
journal = {Journal of neurophysiology},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {85-96},
note = {Ej077
Times Cited:24
Cited References Count:17},
ISSN = {0022-3077},
url = {http://jn.physiology.org/content/41/1/85.long},
year = {1978},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Van Harreveld, A.},
title = {A physiological solution for freshwater crustaceans},
journal = {Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine},
volume = {34},
number = {4},
pages = {428-432},
note = {Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)
10.3181/00379727-34-8647C
http://ebm.rsmjournals.com/content/34/4/428.short},
DOI = {10.3181/00379727-34-8647C},
year = {1936},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Vescovi, Paul J. and Macmillan, David L. and Simmers, A. John},
title = {Muscle receptor organs of the crayfish, Cherax destructor: Input to telson motor neurons},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology},
volume = {279},
number = {3},
pages = {228-242},
ISSN = {1097-010X},
DOI = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19971015)279:3<228::AID-JEZ4>3.0.CO;2-P},
year = {1997},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Walker, R. J. and Brooks, H. L. and Holden-Dye, L.},
title = {Evolution and overview of classical transmitter molecules and their receptors},
journal = {Parasitology},
volume = {113},
pages = {S3-S33},
note = {Suppl. S
Wl067
Times Cited:60
Cited References Count:221
://A1996WL06700001},
abstract = {All the classical transmitter ligand molecules evolved at least 1000 million years ago. With the possible exception of the Porifera and coelenterates (Cnidaria), they occur in all the remaining phyla. All transmitters have evolved the ability to activate a range of ion channels, resulting in excitation, inhibition and biphasic or multiphasic responses. All transmitters can be synthesised in all three basic types of neurones, i.e. sensory, interneurone and motoneurone. However their relative importance as sensory, interneurone or motor transmitters varies widely between the phyla. It is likely that all neurones contain more than one type of releasable molecule, often a combination of a classical transmitter and a neuroactive peptide. Second messengers, i.e. G proteins and phospholipase C systems, appeared early in evolution and occur in all phyla that have been investigated. Although the evidence is incomplete, it is likely that all the classical transmitter receptor subtypes identified in mammals, also occur throughout the phyla. The invertebrate receptors so far cloned show some interesting homologies both between those from different invertebrate phyla and with mammalian receptors. This indicates that many of the basic receptor subtypes, including benzodiazepine subunits, evolved ar an early period, probably at least 800 million years ago. Overall, the evidence stresses the similarity between the major phyla rather than their differences, supporting a common origin from primitive helminth stock.},
keywords = {transmitters
receptors
ion channels
evolution
second messengers
nervous system
nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor
gamma-aminobutyric-acid
central-nervous-system
nitric-oxide synthase
insect motor-neuron
cell-body membrane
cockroach periplaneta-americana
caenorhabditis-elegans rna
protein-coupled receptors
glr-1 glutamate-receptor},
ISSN = {0031-1820},
DOI = {10.1017/S0031182000077878},
year = {1996},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Wallin, B. G.},
title = {Relation between external potasium concentration, membrane potential, and internal ion concentrations in crayfish axons},
journal = {Acta Physiologica Scandinavica},
volume = {70},
number = {3-4},
pages = {431-448},
note = {98161
Times Cited:11
Cited References Count:37
://A19679816100018
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03641.x/abstract},
ISSN = {0001-6772},
DOI = {10.1111/J.1748-1716.1967.Tb03641.X},
year = {1967},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Walsh, K. A. and Macmillan, D. L. and Bourke, D. W.},
title = {The effect of ethanol on the dynamic response of a mechanoreceptor neuron},
journal = {Research Communications in Substances of Abuse},
volume = {15},
number = {1-2},
pages = {9-20},
note = {The only online reference I can find is:
http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/alcohol_studies/alcohol/ambersearch3.php?query=Research+Communications+in+Substances+of+Abuse+15&query2=&sset=8&maxnum=1&field=Other_Cit_Det&field2=&booltype=&format=&population=&briefform=no},
year = {1994},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Wang, Y. C. and Huang, R. C.},
title = {Effects of sodium pump activity on spontaneous firing in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus},
journal = {Journal of neurophysiology},
volume = {96},
number = {1},
pages = {109-118},
note = {052VQ
Times Cited:13
Cited References Count:38
://000238262400012
http://jn.physiology.org/content/jn/96/1/109.full.pdf},
abstract = {Cell-attached and whole cell recording techniques were used to study the effects of electrogenic sodium pump on the excitability of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons. Blocking the sodium pump with the cardiac steroid strophanthidin or zero K+ increased the spontaneous firing of SCN neurons to different degrees with different recording modes, whereas turning the sodium pump into a nonselective cation channel with the marine toxin palytoxin invariably increased the spontaneous firing to the point of total blockade. Current-clamp recordings indicated that strophanthidin increased the rate of membrane depolarization and reduced the peak afterhyperpolarization potential (AHP), whereas zero K+ also increased the rate of depolarization, but enhanced the peak AHP. The dual effect of zero K+ was reflected by the biphasic time course of voltage responses to zero K+: an inhibitory phase with enhanced peak AHP and slower firing, followed by a delayed excitatory phase with faster rate of membrane depolarization and faster firing. In the presence of strophanthidin to block the sodium pump, zero K+ consistently decreased firing by enhancing the peak AHP. Repetitive applications of K+-free solution gradually turned the biphasic inhibitory-followed-by-excitatory voltage response into a monophasic inhibitory response in cells recorded with the whole cell (but not the cell-attached) mode, suggesting rundown of sodium pump activity. Taken together, the results suggest that spontaneous firing of SCN neurons is regulated by sodium pump activity as well as the AHP, and that sodium pump activity is modulated by intracellular soluble substances subject to rundown under the whole cell conditions.},
keywords = {na/k pump
circadian dynamics
palytoxin
cells
modulation
invitro
na,k-atpase
mechanisms
channels
ligands},
ISSN = {0022-3077},
DOI = {10.1152/Jn.01369.2005},
year = {2006},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Waxman, S. G. and Zamponi, G. W.},
title = {Regulating excitability of peripheral afferents: Emerging ion channel targets},
journal = {Nature Neuroscience},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {153-63},
note = {Waxman, Stephen G
Zamponi, Gerald W
eng
Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Review
2014/01/30 06:00
Nat Neurosci. 2014 Feb;17(2):153-63. doi: 10.1038/nn.3602. Epub 2014 Jan 28.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24473263},
abstract = {The transmission and processing of pain signals relies critically on the activities of ion channels that are expressed in afferent pain fibers. This includes voltage-gated channels, as well as background (or leak) channels that collectively regulate resting membrane potential and action potential firing properties. Dysregulated ion channel expression in response to nerve injury and inflammation results in enhanced neuronal excitability that underlies chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Pharmacological modulators of ion channels, particularly those that target channels on peripheral neurons, are being pursued as possible analgesics. Over the past few years, a number of different types of ion channels have been implicated in afferent pain signaling. Here we give an overview of recent advances on sodium, calcium, potassium and chloride channels that are emerging as especially attractive targets for the treatment of pain.},
keywords = {Afferent Pathways/*physiopathology
Animals
Humans
Ion Channels/*physiology
Pain/*pathology
Peripheral Nerves/*physiopathology},
ISSN = {1546-1726 (Electronic)
1097-6256 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1038/nn.3602},
year = {2014},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Wayne, R.},
title = {Excitability in plant cells},
journal = {American Scientist},
volume = {81},
number = {2},
pages = {140-151},
note = {Ku206
Times Cited:8
Cited References Count:20},
keywords = {characeae
calcium},
ISSN = {0003-0996},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/29774870},
year = {1993},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Wayne, R.},
title = {The excitability of plant cells: With a special emphasis on characean internodal cells},
journal = {Botanical Review},
volume = {60},
number = {3},
pages = {265-367},
note = {Pn097
Times Cited:35
Cited References Count:590
://A1994PN09700001
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02960261},
abstract = {This review describes the basic principles of electrophysiology using the generation of an action potential in characean internodal cells as a pedagogical tool. Electrophysiology has proven to be a powerful tool in understanding animal physiology and development, yet it has been virtually neglected in the study of plant physiology and development. This review is, in essence, a written account of my personal journey over the past five years to understand the basic principles of electrophysiology so that I can apply them to the study of plant physiology and development.
My formal background is in classical botany and cell biology. I have learned electrophysiology by reading many books on physics written for the lay person and by talking informally with many patient biophysicists. I have written this review for the botanist who is unfamiliar with the basics of membrane biology but would like to know that she or he can become familiar with the latest information without much effort. I also wrote it for the neurophysiologist who is proficient in membrane biology but knows little about plant biology (but may want to teach one lecture on ''plant action potentials''). And lastly, I wrote this for people interested in the history of science and how the studies of electrical and chemical communication in physiology and development progressed in the botanical and zoological disciplines.},
keywords = {tonoplast-free cells
dionaea-muscipula ellis
reduced gravitational-field
electrogenic pump activity
rna gene-sequences
klein ex willd
nitellopsis-obtusa
action-potentials
k+-channel
plasma-membrane},
ISSN = {0006-8101},
DOI = {10.1007/Bf02960261},
year = {1994},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Welsh, J.H. and Smith, R.I. and Kammer, A.E.},
title = {Laboratory Exercises in Invertebrate Physiology},
publisher = {Burgess Publishing Company},
address = {Minneapolis},
pages = {85-87},
year = {1968},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Whitlock, J. R. and Heynen, A. J. and Shuler, M. G. and Bear, M. F.},
title = {Learning induces long-term potentiation in the hippocampus},
journal = {Science},
volume = {313},
number = {5790},
pages = {1093-1097},
note = {076ZT
Times Cited:458
Cited References Count:36
://000239998200038
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5790/1093},
abstract = {Years of intensive investigation have yielded a sophisticated understanding of long-term potentiation (LTP) induced in hippocampal area CA1 by high-frequency stimulation (HFS). These efforts have been motivated by the belief that similar synaptic modifications occur during memory formation, but it has never been shown that learning actually induces LTP in CA1. We found that one-trial inhibitory avoidance learning in rats produced the same changes in hippocampal glutamate receptors as induction of LTP with HFS and caused a spatially restricted increase in the amplitude of evoked synaptic transmission in CA1 in vivo. Because the learning-induced synaptic potentiation occluded HFS-induced LTP, we conclude that inhibitory avoidance training induces LTP in CA1.},
keywords = {synaptic transmission
field potentials
memory consolidation
brain temperature
passive-avoidance
perforant path
fascia-dentata
glur1 subunit
enhancement
rats},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
DOI = {10.1126/Science.1128134},
year = {2006},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Wiersma, C.A.G. and Furshpan, E. and Florey, E.},
title = {Physiological and pharmacological observations on muscle receptor organs of the crayfish, Cambarus clarkii Girard},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
volume = {30},
pages = {136-150},
url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/30/1/136},
year = {1953},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Williams, S. E.},
title = {Comparative sensory physiology of droseraceae—Evolution of a plant sensory system},
journal = {Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society},
volume = {120},
number = {3},
pages = {187-204},
note = {Bv490
Times Cited:21
Cited References Count:45},
ISSN = {0003-049X},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/986558},
year = {1976},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Wine, J. J. and Mittenthal, J. E. and Kennedy, D.},
title = {Structure of tonic flexor motoneurons in crayfish abdominal ganglia},
journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology},
volume = {93},
number = {4},
pages = {315-335},
note = {U2071
Times Cited:87
Cited References Count:36
://A1974U207100004},
DOI = {10.1007/BF00606800},
year = {1974},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Wright, S. H.},
title = {Generation of resting membrane potential},
journal = {Advances in Physiology Education},
volume = {28},
number = {4},
pages = {139-142},
note = {871DN
Times Cited:11
Cited References Count:0
://000225109600004
http://advan.physiology.org/content/ajpadvan/28/4/139.full.pdf},
abstract = {This brief review is intended to serve as a refresher on the ideas associated with teaching students the physiological basis of the resting membrane potential. The presentation is targeted toward first-year medical students, first-year graduate students, or senior undergraduates. The emphasis is on general concepts associated with generation of the electrical potential difference that exists across the plasma membrane of every animal cell. The intention is to provide students a general view of the quantitative relationship that exists between 1) transmembrane gradients for K+ and Na+ and 2) the relative channel-mediated permeability of the membrane to these ions.},
keywords = {nernst equation
goldman equation
electrical potential difference},
ISSN = {1043-4046},
DOI = {10.1152/Advan.00029.2004},
year = {2004},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Xu, J. and He, L. and Wu, L. G.},
title = {Role of Ca2+ channels in short-term synaptic plasticity},
journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {352-9},
note = {Xu, Jianhua
He, Liming
Wu, Ling-Gang
eng
Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
Review
England
2007/05/01 09:00
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2007 Jun;17(3):352-9. Epub 2007 Apr 26.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17466513},
abstract = {Repetitive nerve activity induces various forms of short-term synaptic plasticity that have important computational roles in neuronal networks. Several forms of short-term plasticity are caused largely by changes in transmitter release, but the mechanisms that underlie these changes in the release process have been difficult to address. Recent studies of a giant synapse - the calyx of Held - have shed new light on this issue. Recordings of Ca(2+) currents or Ca(2+) concentrations at nerve terminals reveal that regulation of presynaptic Ca(2+) channels has a significant role in three important forms of short-term plasticity: short-term depression, facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation.},
keywords = {Animals
Calcium Channels/*physiology
Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
Electric Stimulation
Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology
Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
Synapses/*physiology
Time Factors},
ISSN = {0959-4388 (Print)
0959-4388 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1016/j.conb.2007.04.005},
year = {2007},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Xu-Friedman, M. A.},
title = {Illustrating concepts of quantal analysis with an intuitive classroom model},
journal = {Adv Physiol Educ},
volume = {37},
number = {1},
pages = {112-6},
note = {Xu-Friedman, Matthew A
eng
2013/03/09 06:00
Adv Physiol Educ. 2013 Mar;37(1):112-6. doi: 10.1152/advan.00106.2012.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23471260},
keywords = {Humans
*Models, Neurological
Neurobiology/*education/methods
Neurotransmitter Agents/*physiology
Poisson Distribution
*Students
Synapses/*physiology},
ISSN = {1522-1229 (Electronic)
1043-4046 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1152/advan.00106.2012},
year = {2013},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Xu-Friedman, M. A. and Regehr, W. G.},
title = {Structural contributions to short-term synaptic plasticity},
journal = {Physiological Reviews},
volume = {84},
number = {1},
pages = {69-85},
note = {762LQ
Times Cited:62
Cited References Count:137
://000187973900003
http://physrev.physiology.org/content/physrev/84/1/69.full.pdf},
abstract = {Synaptic ultrastructure is critical to many basic hypotheses about synaptic transmission. Various aspects of synaptic ultrastructure have also been implicated in the mechanisms of short-term plasticity. These forms of plasticity can greatly affect synaptic strength during ongoing activity. We review the evidence for how synaptic ultrastructure may contribute to facilitation, depletion, saturation, and desensitization.},
keywords = {individual hippocampal synapses
cerebellar purkinje-cells
glutamate-receptor desensitization
retinal bipolar neurons
ampa kainate receptors
multiple release sites
avian cochlear nucleus
central-nervous-system
gaba mini amplitude
climbing fiber},
ISSN = {0031-9333},
DOI = {10.1152/Physrev.00016.2003},
year = {2004},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Zakon, H. H.},
title = {Adaptive evolution of voltage-gated sodium channels: The first 800 million years},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
volume = {109 Suppl 1},
pages = {10619-25},
note = {Zakon, Harold H
eng
R01 NS025513/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
Historical Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Review
2012/06/23 06:00
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jun 26;109 Suppl 1:10619-25. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1201884109. Epub 2012 Jun 20.},
abstract = {Voltage-gated Na(+)-permeable (Nav) channels form the basis for electrical excitability in animals. Nav channels evolved from Ca(2+) channels and were present in the common ancestor of choanoflagellates and animals, although this channel was likely permeable to both Na(+) and Ca(2+). Thus, like many other neuronal channels and receptors, Nav channels predated neurons. Invertebrates possess two Nav channels (Nav1 and Nav2), whereas vertebrate Nav channels are of the Nav1 family. Approximately 500 Mya in early chordates Nav channels evolved a motif that allowed them to cluster at axon initial segments, 50 million years later with the evolution of myelin, Nav channels "capitalized" on this property and clustered at nodes of Ranvier. The enhancement of conduction velocity along with the evolution of jaws likely made early gnathostomes fierce predators and the dominant vertebrates in the ocean. Later in vertebrate evolution, the Nav channel gene family expanded in parallel in tetrapods and teleosts ( approximately 9 to 10 genes in amniotes, 8 in teleosts). This expansion occurred during or after the late Devonian extinction, when teleosts and tetrapods each diversified in their respective habitats, and coincided with an increase in the number of telencephalic nuclei in both groups. The expansion of Nav channels may have allowed for more sophisticated neural computation and tailoring of Nav channel kinetics with potassium channel kinetics to enhance energy savings. Nav channels show adaptive sequence evolution for increasing diversity in communication signals (electric fish), in protection against lethal Nav channel toxins (snakes, newts, pufferfish, insects), and in specialized habitats (naked mole rats).},
keywords = {*Adaptation, Physiological
Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Axons
*Biological Evolution
Gene Duplication/genetics
History, Ancient
Humans
Molecular Sequence Data
Sodium Channels/chemistry/*genetics/*history
Vertebrates/genetics},
ISSN = {1091-6490 (Electronic)
0027-8424 (Linking)},
DOI = {10.1073/pnas.1201884109},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723361},
year = {2012},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@article{
author = {Zhao, B. and Rassendren, F. and Kaang, B. K. and Furukawa, Y. and Kubo, T. and Kandel, E. R.},
title = {A new class of noninactivating K+ channels from Aplysia capable of contributing to the resting potential and firing patterns of neurons},
journal = {Neuron},
volume = {13},
number = {5},
pages = {1205-1213},
note = {Pu763
Times Cited:49
Cited References Count:32},
abstract = {From the nervous system of Aplysia, we have cloned a new class of noninactivating K+ channels (aKv5.1) that are activated at low voltage and are capable of contributing to the resting potential and fi ring patterns of neurons. Expression of aKv5.1 in Aplysia neuron R15 revealed that aKv5.1 exerts an unusual control over cell excitability; it increased the resting potential by more than 20 mV and abolished the spontaneous bursting activity of the cell. In its ability to suppress the endogenous rhythm of R15, aKv5.1 differs in its actions from transient, inactivating K+ channels such as aKv1.1a, an Aplysia homolog of Shaker. aKv1.1a shortens the duration of the spike and increases the afterpotential, but does not suppress bursting. Thus, by expressing different classes of K+ channels, it is possible to redesign, in specific ways, the signaling capabilities of specific, identified neurons.},
keywords = {potassium channel
functional expression
nervous-system
rat-brain
drosophila
family
shaker
gene
cloning
diversity},
ISSN = {0896-6273},
DOI = {10.1016/0896-6273(94)90058-2},
year = {1994},
type = {Journal Article}
}
@inbook{
author = {Zucker, R. S. and Kullmann, D.M. and Schwartz, T.L.},
title = {Release of neurotransmitters},
booktitle = {From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience},
editor = {Byrne, John H and Roberts, James L},
publisher = {Academic Press},
address = {San Diego},
pages = {255-258},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0080920837},
year = {2009},
type = {Book Section}
}
@article{
author = {Zucker, R. S. and Regehr, W. G.},
title = {Short-term synaptic plasticity},
journal = {Annual review of physiology},
volume = {64},
pages = {355-405},
note = {536QH
Times Cited:1273
Cited References Count:358
://000174713000014
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.092501.114547},
abstract = {Synaptic transmission is a dynamic process. Postsynaptic responses wax and wane as presynaptic activity evolves. This prominent characteristic of chemical synaptic transmission is a crucial determinant of the response properties of synapses and, in turn, of the stimulus properties selected by neural networks and of the patterns of activity generated by those networks. This review focuses on synaptic changes that result from prior activity in the synapse under study, and is restricted to short-term effects that last for at most a few minutes. Forms of synaptic enhancement, such as facilitation, augmentation, and post-tetanic potentiation, are usually attributed to effects of a residual elevation in presynaptic [Ca2+](i), acting on one or more molecular targets that appear to be distinct from the secretory trigger responsible for fast exocytosis and phasic release of transmitter to single action potentials. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis, and the origins of the different kinetic phases of synaptic enhancement, as well as the interpretation of statistical changes in transmitter release and roles played by other factors such as alterations in presynaptic Ca2+ influx or postsynaptic levels of [Ca2+](i). Synaptic depression dominates enhancement at many synapses. Depression is usually attributed to depletion of some pool of readily releasable vesicles, and various forms of the depletion model are discussed. Depression can also arise from feedback activation of presynaptic receptors and from postsynaptic processes such as receptor desensitization. In addition, glial-neuronal interactions can contribute to short-term synaptic plasticity. Finally, we summarize the recent literature on putative molecular players in synaptic plasticity and the effects of genetic manipulations and other modulatory influences.},
keywords = {synapse
facilitation
post-tetanic potentiation
depression
augmentation
calcium
frog neuromuscular-junction
motor-nerve terminals
cultured hippocampal-neurons
paired-pulse facilitation
squid giant synapse
readily releasable pool
gill-withdrawal reflex
retinal bipolar cells
saccular hair-cells
rat brain-stem},
ISSN = {0066-4278},
DOI = {10.1146/Annurev.Physiol.64.092501.114547},
year = {2002},
type = {Journal Article}
}